Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity Flashcards
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
Allele
the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
Centromere
one of the two identical halves of a chromosome that has been replicated in preparation for cell division.
chromatid
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
Chromosome
shows all of the possible three letter combinations of mRNA nucleotides, and for which amino acid each combination codes for.
codon (chart)
the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.
crossing over
the cells that are formed after cell division.
daughter cell
a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA.
Deletion
The process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum.
fertilization
the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.
diploid
a self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
DNA
insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three.
frameshift
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant.
gamete
a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
gene
a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different.
gene mutation
the nucleotide triplets of DNA and RNA molecules that carry genetic information in living cells.
genetic code
Mutations are changes in the information contained in genetic material. ·
genetic variation
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.
haploid
a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA.
insertion
pairs of chromosomes originating from each parent.
homologous chromosome
how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
independent assortment
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Meiosis
a type of cell division unique to germ cells,
meiosis 1
a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis 1.
Meiosis 2
the condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one (usually the X) chromosome lacks its homologous partner.
Monosomy
an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, which causes genetic mutation.
mutagen
the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.
mutation
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
nondisjunction
the product of the reproductive processes of a person, animal, or plant
offspring
A cell that is the source of other cells,
parent cell
the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
replication
a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.
point mutation
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most higher organisms, one sex (male) produces a small motile gamete which travels to fuse with a larger stationary gamete produced by the other (female).
sexual reproduction
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
somatic cell
a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide.
substitution
a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities.
trisomy
a genetically determined characteristic.
trait
