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Biology 1 H, Michael Calderas > Unit 3 List 2 DNA and Heredity MCA > Flashcards

Unit 3 List 2 DNA and Heredity MCA Flashcards

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1
Q

Centromere

A

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

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1
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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2
Q

Chromatid

A

each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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4
Q

Codon (chart)

A

A codon chart, sometimes called a genetic code, shows all of the possible three letter combinations of mRNA nucleotides, and for which amino acid each combination codes for.

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5
Q

Crossing Over

A

a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up

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6
Q

Daughter Cell

A

the cells that are formed after cell division

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7
Q

Deletion

A

A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA.

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8
Q

Diploid

A

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.

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9
Q

DNA

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

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9
Q

Fertilization

A

the union of two gametes. During fertilization, sperm and egg fuse

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10
Q

Frameshift

A

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read

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11
Q

Gamete

A

a reproductive cell of an animal or plan

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11
Q

Gene Mutation

A

a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different.

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12
Q

Gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

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13
Q

Genetic Code

A

A set of rules that defines how the information encoded in DNA and RNA sequences is translated into proteins

14
Q

Genetic Variation

A

the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species

15
Q

Haploid

A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.

16
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization.

17
Q

Independent Assortment

A

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

18
Q

Insertion

A

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

18
Q

Meiosis

A

a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

19
Q

Meiosis I

A

the number of cells is doubled but the number of chromosomes is not

20
Q

Meiosis II

A

a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I

21
Q

Monosomy

A

the condition in which only one chromosome from a pair is present in cells rather than the two copies usually found in diploid cells.

22
Q

Mutagen

A

a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations

23
Q

Mutation

A

an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

24
Q

Nondisjunction

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell.

25
Q

Offspring

A

the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction

26
Q

Parent Cell

A

A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cells

27
Q

Replication

A

the process by which the genome’s DNA is copied in cells

28
Q

Point Mutation

A

A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide

29
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

30
Q

Somatic Cell

A

the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

31
Q

Trisomy

A

The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells

32
Q

Substituion

A

a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide

33
Q

Trait

A

a specific characteristic of an individual

Biology 1 H, Michael Calderas (7 decks)

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