Unit 3 List 1 DNA & Heredity GLW

Question 1

adenine

Answer 1

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 2

amino acid

Answer 2

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins.

Question 3

anitcodon

Answer 3

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

Question 4

cell types

Answer 4

prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Question 5

cell differentiation

Answer 5

The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function

Question 6

chromosome

Answer 6

thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells

Question 7

codon

Answer 7

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 8

cytoplasm

Answer 8

Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Question 9

cytosine

Answer 9

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 10

deoxyribose

Answer 10

five-carbon sugar component of DNA

Question 11

DNA

Answer 11

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Question 12

double helix

Answer 12

a term used to describe the physical structure of DNA

Question 13

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 13

a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs (cisternae) that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

Question 14

enzyme

Answer 14

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

Question 15

gene

Answer 15

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

Question 16

Golgi apparatus

Answer 16

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

Question 17

guanine

Answer 17

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA

Question 18

hydrogen bond

Answer 18

a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom

Question 19

mRNA

Answer 19

Messenger RNA

Question 20

mutation

Answer 20

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

Question 21

nitrogenous base

Answer 21

nitrogenous bases are found in DNA: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine

Question 22

nuclear membrane

Answer 22

a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosomes reside

Question 23

nucleic acid

Answer 23

large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses

Question 24

nucleotide

Answer 24

A molecule that is the basic building block of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA

Question 25

nucleus

Answer 25

A nucleus, as related to genomics, is the membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes

Question 26

peptide bond

Answer 26

A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond, which joins two amino acids by removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain.

Question 27

phosphate group

Answer 27

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Question 28

polypeptides

Answer 28

Proteins are therefore also known as polypeptides.

Question 29

protein synthesis

Answer 29

the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid

Question 30

ribose

Answer 30

a sugar that is naturally produced by the body from food

Question 31

ribosome

Answer 31

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 32

RNA

Answer 32

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule that is present in the majority of living organisms and viruses.

Question 33

rRNA

Answer 33

ribosomal RNA (rRNA), molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle

Question 34

start codon

Answer 34

The codon AUG is called the START codon as it the first codon in the transcribed mRNA that undergoes translation.

Question 35

stop codon

Answer 35

A stop codon is a sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) in DNA or messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals a halt to protein synthesis in the cell.

Question 36

thymine

Answer 36

one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA,

Question 37

transcription

Answer 37

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

Question 38

translation

Answer 38

Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

Question 39

tRNA

Answer 39

a small RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis

Question 40

uracil

Answer 40

a common and naturally occurring pyrimidine nucleobase in which the pyrimidine ring is substituted with two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4

Question 41

vesicle

Answer 41

a small fluid-filled bladder, sac, cyst, or vacuole within the body.