Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy GLW

Question 1

Autotroph

Answer 1

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

Question 2

Light Reactions

Answer 2

the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring.

Question 4

Photosynthesis

Answer 4

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water

Question 5

Calvin cycle

Answer 5

the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 6

a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electro-chemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation

Question 7

NADPH

Answer 7

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 8

Pigment

Answer 8

the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.

Question 9

Granum

Answer 9

a stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells

Question 10

Stomata

Answer 10

any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.

Question 11

Carbon Fixation

Answer 11

Carbon fixation is the process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules in the atmosphere into organic matter to produce biological building blocks and fuel for cellular respiration.

Question 12

Heterotrophs

Answer 12

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

Question 13

Thylakoids

Answer 13

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.

Question 14

Carotenoids

Answer 14

any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which give color to plant parts such as ripe tomatoes and autumn leaves

Question 15

Mitochondrial matrix

Answer 15

a gel-like material in the mitochondrion, or organelle that performs the process of aerobic respiration, that contains ribosomes resembling those of bacteria

Question 16

Aerobic respiration

Answer 16

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates

Question 17

Fermentation

Answer 17

the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.

Question 18

NAD+

Answer 18

a critical coenzyme present in every living cell

Question 19

Alcoholic fermentation

Answer 19

the anaerobic transformation of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon dioxide

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

Question 21

NADH

Answer 21

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)

Question 22

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 22

the respiration which occurs in the absence of oxygen to produce the energy

Question 23

Cellular respiration

Answer 23

the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions

Question 24

Krebs cycle

Answer 24

the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration.

Question 25

Pyruvic acid

Answer 25

a yellowish organic acid which occurs as an intermediate in many metabolic processes, especially glycolysis.

Question 26

Citric acid

Answer 26

a sour organic acid, occurring in cellular metabolism, obtained especially from lemon and lime juices or by fermentation of sugars, and used as a flavoring

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 28

ADP

Answer 28

Adenosine diphosphate