Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy GLW Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
Light Reactions
the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP
Chlorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. Its molecule contains a magnesium atom held in a porphyrin ring.
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water
Calvin cycle
the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electro-chemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Pigment
the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Granum
a stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells
Stomata
any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
Carbon Fixation
Carbon fixation is the process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules in the atmosphere into organic matter to produce biological building blocks and fuel for cellular respiration.
Heterotrophs
an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.
Thylakoids
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, bounded by pigmented membranes on which the light reactions of photosynthesis take place, and arranged in stacks or grana.
Carotenoids
any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene, which give color to plant parts such as ripe tomatoes and autumn leaves
Mitochondrial matrix
a gel-like material in the mitochondrion, or organelle that performs the process of aerobic respiration, that contains ribosomes resembling those of bacteria
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
NAD+
a critical coenzyme present in every living cell
Alcoholic fermentation
the anaerobic transformation of fructose and glucose (sugars) into ethanol and carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
NADH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)
Anaerobic respiration
the respiration which occurs in the absence of oxygen to produce the energy
Cellular respiration
the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions
Krebs cycle
the sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration.
