Unit 3 List 1 -DNA & Heredity

Question 1

adenine

Answer 1

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 2

amino acid

Answer 2

molecules that combine to form proteins

Question 3

anticodon

Answer 3

a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence

Question 4

cell types

Answer 4

the basic functional units of an organism

Question 5

cell differentiation

Answer 5

The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function

Question 6

chromosome

Answer 6

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

Question 7

codon

Answer 7

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

Question 8

cytoplasm

Answer 8

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Question 9

cytosine

Answer 9

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA

Question 10

deoxyribose

Answer 10

a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.

Question 11

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 11

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Question 12

double helix

Answer 12

a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

Question 13

endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)

Answer 13

The SER is generally used for the creation/ storage of lipids and steroids, while the RER plays a significant role in the synthesis of various proteins

Question 14

enzyme

Answer 14

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

Question 15

gene

Answer 15

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

Question 16

Golgi apparatus

Answer 16

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

Question 17

guanine

Answer 17

a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

Question 18

hydrogen bond

Answer 18

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

Question 19

mRNA

Answer 19

Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis.

Question 20

mutation

Answer 20

the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA

Question 21

nitrogenous base

Answer 21

nitrogen containing organic compounds that form an important part of the nucleic acids

Question 22

nuclear membrane

Answer 22

a double membrane enclosing a cell nucleus and having its outer part continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum called also nuclear envelope

Question 23

nucleic acid

Answer 23

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Question 24

nucleotide

Answer 24

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Question 25

nucleus

Answer 25

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

Question 26

peptide bond

Answer 26

a covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein

Question 27

phosphate group

Answer 27

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (three single bonds and one double bond)

Question 28

polypeptides

Answer 28

a single linear chain of many amino acids (any length), held together by amide bonds

Question 29

protein synthesis

Answer 29

the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins

Question 30

ribose

Answer 30

a sugar of the pentose class which occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes

Question 31

ribosome

Answer 31

structure found inside cells that is involved in making proteins

Question 32

RNA

Answer 32

ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information

Question 33

rRNA

Answer 33

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes

Question 34

start codon

Answer 34

The codon AUG is called the START codon as it the first codon in the transcribed mRNA that undergoes translation

Question 35

stop codon

Answer 35

a codon that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein

Question 36

thymine

Answer 36

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA

Question 37

transcription

Answer 37

the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

Question 38

translation

Answer 38

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 39

tRNA

Answer 39

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

Question 40

uracil

Answer 40

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of RNA. It is a type of pyrimidine.

Question 41

vesicle

Answer 41

a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer