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Bio 1H MC Loar > Unit 3 List 1 -DNA & Heredity > Flashcards

Unit 3 List 1 -DNA & Heredity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

adenine

A

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

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2
Q

amino acid

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

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3
Q

anticodon

A

a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence

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4
Q

cell types

A

the basic functional units of an organism

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5
Q

cell differentiation

A

The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function

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6
Q

chromosome

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

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7
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

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8
Q

cytoplasm

A

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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9
Q

cytosine

A

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA

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10
Q

deoxyribose

A

a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.

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11
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

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12
Q

double helix

A

a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)

A

The SER is generally used for the creation/ storage of lipids and steroids, while the RER plays a significant role in the synthesis of various proteins

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14
Q

enzyme

A

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction

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15
Q

gene

A

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

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17
Q

guanine

A

a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

18
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

19
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA involved in protein synthesis.

20
Q

mutation

A

the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA

21
Q

nitrogenous base

A

nitrogen containing organic compounds that form an important part of the nucleic acids

22
Q

nuclear membrane

A

a double membrane enclosing a cell nucleus and having its outer part continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum called also nuclear envelope

23
Q

nucleic acid

A

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

24
Q

nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

25
Q

nucleus

A

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

26
Q

peptide bond

A

a covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein

27
Q

phosphate group

A

A functional group characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (three single bonds and one double bond)

28
Q

polypeptides

A

a single linear chain of many amino acids (any length), held together by amide bonds

29
Q

protein synthesis

A

the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins

30
Q

ribose

A

a sugar of the pentose class which occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes

31
Q

ribosome

A

structure found inside cells that is involved in making proteins

32
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information

33
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal ribonucleic acid is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes

34
Q

start codon

A

The codon AUG is called the START codon as it the first codon in the transcribed mRNA that undergoes translation

35
Q

stop codon

A

a codon that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein

36
Q

thymine

A

a compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA

37
Q

transcription

A

the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

38
Q

translation

A

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

39
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

40
Q

uracil

A

A chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of RNA. It is a type of pyrimidine.

41
Q

vesicle

A

a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer

Bio 1H MC Loar (7 decks)

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