Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy Flashcards
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Light Reactions
the reaction which occurs as the first phase of photosynthesis, in which energy in the form of light is absorbed and converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Chlorophyll
a green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
A chemical process that occurs in plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, when they are exposed to sunlight. During photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide combine to form carbohydrates (sugars) and give off oxygen
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Calvin cycle
the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars. It occurs in the chloroplast of the plant cell
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, represents an important electron donor that is used in a variety of biological settings
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Pigment
any colored material found in a plant or animal cell. Pigments are what give color to our skin, hair and eyes. They are also what color plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Granum
a stack of coin-shaped thylakoids in the chloroplasts of plant cells
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Stomata
a pore or aperture surrounded by two guard cells that allow gas exchange. Stomata is the plural term for stoma
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Carbon Fixation
the process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules in the atmosphere into organic matter to produce biological building blocks and fuel for cellular respiration
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Thylakoids
pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell. They contain a pigment, called chlorophyll, that absorbs light
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Heterotrophs
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
PHOTOSYNTHESIS-Carotenoids
a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-Mitochondrial matrix
the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-Fermentation
an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even if oxygen is not available
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-NAD+
a coenzyme molecule involved in a number of important biological processes such as the transport of high-energy electrons for the production of ATP via aerobic respiration
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-Alcoholic fermentation
a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-Glycolysis
the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-NADH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H).” It occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy. The NADH produced by the body is involved in making energy in the body
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-Anaerobic respiration
a chemical reaction which takes place in all livings cells and releases energy from glucose. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than aerobic respiration
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
a process that all living things use to convert glucose into energy. Autotrophs (like plants) produce glucose during photosynthesis. Heterotrophs (like humans) ingest other living things to obtain glucose
CELLULAR RESPIRATION-Krebs cycle
a series of chemical reactions that produce ATP as part of the metabolism of aerobic organisms
