Unit 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards
DEMO: rate what a word means to you vs. count the number of “e’s” in a a word
what concept did this demonstrate?
semantic encoding is more effective
what are the 3 processes of memory?
encoding, storage, retrieval
what can the 3 processes of memory be compared to?
a computer
what are the 3 types of encoding?
structural, phonemic, semantic
what is structural encoding?
being given information, but not processing it or soaking any of it up
what is phonemic encoding?
receiving information by hearing; listening to words
what is semantic encoding?
thinking of the meaning of words; finding personal relevance to chunks of infomation
what are the 3 types of storage?
sensory, short term, long term memory
what are the 3 types of sensory memory?
iconic: vision, storing information in a visual way
echoic: auditory messages echo in memory
haptic: touch/tactile
what type of memory storage is limited by attention and lasts only a few seconds?
sensory memory
e.g. while walking, one does not remember trees because they weren’t paying attention to them
what type of memory storage is limited by the 7 items and lasts 30 seconds without rehearsal?
short-term memory
what type of memory storage has unlimited storage capacity?
long-term memory
what are the two types of long-term memory?
declarative, non-declarative
what are the two types of declarative memory
semantic, episodic
what are the three types of non-declarative memory?
procedural, classical conditioning, priming
what is semantic memory?
facts
what is episodic memory?
episodes in life story
what is procedural memory?
remembering a process; how to do things
what is classical conditioning memory?
learned associations
e.g. no one is born with fears
what is priming memory?
current thoughts influence memory
what did henry’s story of life threatening epileptic seizures help scientists discover?
the removal of part of the hippocampus results in the inability to store long-term memories
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
omar recalls his trip to Washington D.C.
declarative; episodic
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
a snakebite at the age of three has left peter afraid of snakes
nondeclarative; classical conditioning
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
cari can name all of the former presidents of the U.S.
declarative; semantic
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
tom remembers his girlfriend as less attractive after thinking of models
nondeclarative; priming
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
tamara remembers her first date
declarative; episodic
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
cori remembers how to ride a bike
nondeclarative; procdeural
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
manuel rembers how to play the piano
nondeclarative; procedural
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
kirsten knows a poem by heart
declarative; semantic
TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories
little saima can recite her phone number
declarative; semantic
DEMO: listening to list of random words; which ones were the most remembered?
the first and last
idea: primacy and recency effects
what are the types of retrieval?
serial effects: primacy and recency effects
what is the primacy effect?
first parts that are learned are remembered the best because of rehearsal
what is the recency effect?
the last parts that are learned are remembered because of less interference
which serial effect is stronger?
primacy effect; rehearsal is a very dependable memory strategy
DEMO: listed words associated with sleep demonstrated which idea?
schemas
what are the five types of false memory
schemas, misinformation, misattribution, personality, heavy marijuana use
what are schemas?
small connection nodes on main neurons are activated
what is misinformation?
intentionally given false information
e.g. attorney mentions a stop sign in a video; jury remembers seeing a stop sign even if it wasn’t there
what is misattribution (of source)?
remembering information rather than the source
harmful if the source is unreliable
what is personality (susceptibility)?
certain people are more susceptible to false memories
e.g.people w/ alien abduction memories are more susceptible to false memory
how does heavy marijuana use impact false memories?
individual remembers actions that they didn’t do
infants have good short term memory, but lack long term memory
what parts of the brain are developed?
infantile amnesia
striatum develops faster than hippocampus
what is humans’ memory peak and how can one protect their memory and cognitive function beyond this age?
25 years old; exercise and social networks
what is a reminiscence bump and what is the leading theory?
elderly people remember the most from their years in their 20s.
theory: most of the “firsts” in life are experienced in their 20s
why do memory enhancing pills only work for elderly people?
at this time of life, elderly people have less brain cells.
the pills only supply acetylcholine to the little remaining brain cells.
what is a common cause of amnesias?
traumatic events
what is common among people who have dementia?
old age
what is the common term for dissociative identity disorder?
multiple personality disorder
what are two clues that show how fathers can have just as much impact as mothers?
imprinting (conrad and ducklings)
human contact (monkey experiment)
what are the four stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development?
sensorimotor (0-2 years)
preoperational (2-6 years)
concrete opetations (6-12 years)
formal operations (12 - adolescence)
what are the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage?
object permanence
t-shirt error
scale errors
what is object permanence?
sensorimotor
children fail to realize that an object out of view is still there (e.g. peekaboo)
what is scale errors?
sensorimotor
children’s inability to tell the difference between toy cars and smaller replicas of the same cars
what are the characteristics of the preoperational stage?
irreversibility
centration
egocentrism
lack of conservations
what is irreversibility?
preoperational
children unable to reverse their thoughts
e.g. 2+3=5, but child must start at beginning of problem to compute 5-3
what is centration? (preoperational)
ability to think of only one thing at a time; unable to think in hierarchies
(test method: ask kid “are there more boys or kids in the class?”)
what is egocentrism? (preoperational)
ability to see things from only one’s point of view
test method: red/blue cupboard illustration
what is lack of conservation?
not realizing that something can have the same properties even if it appears differently
(e.g. juice glasses, number of quarters, graham crackers)
what are the characteristics of the concrete operation stages?
conservation
hierarchical classification
what are the characteristics of the formal operation stage?
abstract thinking
if/then thinking
TYL:
which stage?
can count 4+2=6 on fingers, but has to start on fingers again to do 6-4
preoperational
TYL:
which stage?
can get all weird on you talking about abstracts (love, peace, etc.)
formal operation
TYL:
which stage?
loves peekaboo game because they think you actually disappear
sensorimotor
TYL:
which stage?
assumes everyone likes ice cream because they like ice cream
preoperation
TYL:
which stage?
thinks “if I press all the elevator buttons, then people will get mad”
formal operations
TYL:
which stage?
thinks there’s less playdough if you squish it
preoperational
who is Erik Erikson
introduced psychosocial
artist turned psychologist
realized that having a passion doesn’t necessarily translate into a talent in the arts
what does psychosocial mean?
how an environment can impact an individual’s wellness and ability to function
apply age range:
trust vs. mistrust
1 - 1.5
apply age range:
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
1.5 - 3
apply age range:
initiative vs. guilt
3 - 6
apply age range:
industry vs. inferiority
6 - puberty
apply age range:
identity vs. confusion
adolescence
apply age range:
intimacy vs. isolation
early adulthood
apply age range:
generative vs. self absorption
middle adulthood
apply age range:
integrity vs. despair
late adulthood
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
am I capable of having a meaningful, intimate relationship with another?
intimacy vs. isolation
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
do i measure up to my peers?
industry vs. inferiority
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
can I do things by myself?
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
have I lived a full life?
integrity vs. despair
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
are my basic needs taken care of?
trust vs. mistrust
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
am I a good kid?
initiative vs. guilt
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
who am I and where am I going in life?
identity vs. confusion
TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?
have I produced something worthwhile in my life?
generative vs. self-absorption
what are kubler-ross’ stages of grieving and dying
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
what are the two additions to kubler-ross’ stages of grieving and dying?
shock (first)
testing (before acceptance)
TYL: Personality Approaches
what do genetics have to do with it?
biological
TYL: Personality Approaches
what does the unconscious have to do with it?
psychodynamic
TYL: Personality Approaches
what do rewards and punishments have to do with it?
behavioral
TYL: Personality Approaches
what do trait dimensions have to do with it?
trait
TYL: Personality Approaches
what does free will have to do with it?
humanistic
TYL: Personality Approaches
what do thought processes have to do with it?
cognitive
TYL: The Self
if a species can recognize themselves in a mirror, this is evidence for:
self-awareness
TYL: The Self
being video recorded mostly increases people’s:
self-consciousness
TYL: The Self
when you use it, you lose it:
self-regulation
TYL: The Self
the goldilock’s effect is needed here - not too little and not too much:
self-enhancement
TYL: The Self
receiving unconditional positive regard from someone can increase your:
self-congruency
TYL: The Self
giving people positive feedback can increase their:
self-esteem
what is Freud known for?
starting the psychodynamic approach
what are phallic symbols?
Freudian idea that suggests that everyday objects are seen as genitals
what are Freudian slips?
Freudian idea that mistakes in speech are sexually motivated
what is oral personality?
person is emotionally fixed in the oral stage of development, often experiencing the constant need to put things in the mouth
what are the two anal personalities?
anal retentive
anal repulsive
what is anal retentive?
excessively fussy; orderly, need for control
what is anal repulsive?
messy, sloppy
who is Hans Eysenck?
physiological approach, temperaments
- intro/extrovert studies
what is the galvanic skin response test?
a change in the electrical resistance of the skin caused by emotional stress
what did Alfred Adler contribute to psychology?
the need superiority; people strive to be better than average at what they do
what is the spotlight effect? what was the video that was shown in class?
when we overestimate the extent to which others pay attention to us.
video: “Lonely Guy”
what did the Standford Marshmallow Test measure?
self-regulation
what are the three tests that a personality test must pass?
validity, reliability, and predictability
endorsed by APA
what are the warning signs for fake tests?
claiming to measure entire personality
gives personality profile full of generalities
claims that you are a personality type without giving any reason
results only include positive attributes
TYL: personality tests
you want to narrow down your three finalist applicants for the job
PF Questionnaire
TYL: personality tests
you want to investigate a therapy clients unconscious influences
Meyer/Briggs
TYL: personality tests
you want to investigate a therapy clients unconscious influences you wish to do research comparing normal personalities
NEO Personality Inventory
neuroticism, extroversion, openness
TYL: personality tests
this test is not a “real” personality test (low reliability and validity)
Rorschach test (inkblot)
TYL: personality tests
you want to pre-screen a therapy client for possible disorders
MMPI
TYL: personality tests
you want to explore a therapy client’s (a writer’s) unconscious
TAT (thematic apperception test)
