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PSY101 > Unit 3 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Unit 3 Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

DEMO: rate what a word means to you vs. count the number of “e’s” in a a word

what concept did this demonstrate?

A

semantic encoding is more effective

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2
Q

what are the 3 processes of memory?

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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3
Q

what can the 3 processes of memory be compared to?

A

a computer

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4
Q

what are the 3 types of encoding?

A

structural, phonemic, semantic

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5
Q

what is structural encoding?

A

being given information, but not processing it or soaking any of it up

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6
Q

what is phonemic encoding?

A

receiving information by hearing; listening to words

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7
Q

what is semantic encoding?

A

thinking of the meaning of words; finding personal relevance to chunks of infomation

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of storage?

A

sensory, short term, long term memory

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of sensory memory?

A

iconic: vision, storing information in a visual way
echoic: auditory messages echo in memory
haptic: touch/tactile

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10
Q

what type of memory storage is limited by attention and lasts only a few seconds?

A

sensory memory

e.g. while walking, one does not remember trees because they weren’t paying attention to them

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11
Q

what type of memory storage is limited by the 7 items and lasts 30 seconds without rehearsal?

A

short-term memory

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12
Q

what type of memory storage has unlimited storage capacity?

A

long-term memory

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13
Q

what are the two types of long-term memory?

A

declarative, non-declarative

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14
Q

what are the two types of declarative memory

A

semantic, episodic

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15
Q

what are the three types of non-declarative memory?

A

procedural, classical conditioning, priming

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16
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

facts

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17
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

episodes in life story

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18
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

remembering a process; how to do things

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19
Q

what is classical conditioning memory?

A

learned associations

e.g. no one is born with fears

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20
Q

what is priming memory?

A

current thoughts influence memory

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21
Q

what did henry’s story of life threatening epileptic seizures help scientists discover?

A

the removal of part of the hippocampus results in the inability to store long-term memories

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22
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

omar recalls his trip to Washington D.C.

A

declarative; episodic

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23
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

a snakebite at the age of three has left peter afraid of snakes

A

nondeclarative; classical conditioning

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24
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

cari can name all of the former presidents of the U.S.

A

declarative; semantic

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25
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

tom remembers his girlfriend as less attractive after thinking of models

A

nondeclarative; priming

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26
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

tamara remembers her first date

A

declarative; episodic

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27
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

cori remembers how to ride a bike

A

nondeclarative; procdeural

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28
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

manuel rembers how to play the piano

A

nondeclarative; procedural

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29
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

kirsten knows a poem by heart

A

declarative; semantic

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30
Q

TYL: Types of Long-Term Memories

little saima can recite her phone number

A

declarative; semantic

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31
Q

DEMO: listening to list of random words; which ones were the most remembered?

A

the first and last

idea: primacy and recency effects

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32
Q

what are the types of retrieval?

A

serial effects: primacy and recency effects

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33
Q

what is the primacy effect?

A

first parts that are learned are remembered the best because of rehearsal

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34
Q

what is the recency effect?

A

the last parts that are learned are remembered because of less interference

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35
Q

which serial effect is stronger?

A

primacy effect; rehearsal is a very dependable memory strategy

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36
Q

DEMO: listed words associated with sleep demonstrated which idea?

A

schemas

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37
Q

what are the five types of false memory

A

schemas, misinformation, misattribution, personality, heavy marijuana use

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38
Q

what are schemas?

A

small connection nodes on main neurons are activated

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39
Q

what is misinformation?

A

intentionally given false information

e.g. attorney mentions a stop sign in a video; jury remembers seeing a stop sign even if it wasn’t there

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40
Q

what is misattribution (of source)?

A

remembering information rather than the source

harmful if the source is unreliable

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41
Q

what is personality (susceptibility)?

A

certain people are more susceptible to false memories

e.g.people w/ alien abduction memories are more susceptible to false memory

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42
Q

how does heavy marijuana use impact false memories?

A

individual remembers actions that they didn’t do

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43
Q

infants have good short term memory, but lack long term memory

what parts of the brain are developed?

A

infantile amnesia

striatum develops faster than hippocampus

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44
Q

what is humans’ memory peak and how can one protect their memory and cognitive function beyond this age?

A

25 years old; exercise and social networks

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45
Q

what is a reminiscence bump and what is the leading theory?

A

elderly people remember the most from their years in their 20s.
theory: most of the “firsts” in life are experienced in their 20s

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46
Q

why do memory enhancing pills only work for elderly people?

A

at this time of life, elderly people have less brain cells.

the pills only supply acetylcholine to the little remaining brain cells.

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47
Q

what is a common cause of amnesias?

A

traumatic events

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48
Q

what is common among people who have dementia?

A

old age

49
Q

what is the common term for dissociative identity disorder?

A

multiple personality disorder

50
Q

what are two clues that show how fathers can have just as much impact as mothers?

A

imprinting (conrad and ducklings)

human contact (monkey experiment)

51
Q

what are the four stages of Piaget’s Cognitive Development?

A

sensorimotor (0-2 years)
preoperational (2-6 years)
concrete opetations (6-12 years)
formal operations (12 - adolescence)

52
Q

what are the characteristics of the sensorimotor stage?

A

object permanence
t-shirt error
scale errors

53
Q

what is object permanence?

sensorimotor

A

children fail to realize that an object out of view is still there (e.g. peekaboo)

54
Q

what is scale errors?

sensorimotor

A

children’s inability to tell the difference between toy cars and smaller replicas of the same cars

55
Q

what are the characteristics of the preoperational stage?

A

irreversibility
centration
egocentrism
lack of conservations

56
Q

what is irreversibility?

preoperational

A

children unable to reverse their thoughts

e.g. 2+3=5, but child must start at beginning of problem to compute 5-3

57
Q

what is centration? (preoperational)

A

ability to think of only one thing at a time; unable to think in hierarchies
(test method: ask kid “are there more boys or kids in the class?”)

58
Q

what is egocentrism? (preoperational)

A

ability to see things from only one’s point of view

test method: red/blue cupboard illustration

59
Q

what is lack of conservation?

A

not realizing that something can have the same properties even if it appears differently
(e.g. juice glasses, number of quarters, graham crackers)

60
Q

what are the characteristics of the concrete operation stages?

A

conservation

hierarchical classification

61
Q

what are the characteristics of the formal operation stage?

A

abstract thinking

if/then thinking

62
Q

TYL:
which stage?
can count 4+2=6 on fingers, but has to start on fingers again to do 6-4

A

preoperational

63
Q

TYL:
which stage?
can get all weird on you talking about abstracts (love, peace, etc.)

A

formal operation

64
Q

TYL:
which stage?
loves peekaboo game because they think you actually disappear

A

sensorimotor

65
Q

TYL:
which stage?
assumes everyone likes ice cream because they like ice cream

A

preoperation

66
Q

TYL:
which stage?
thinks “if I press all the elevator buttons, then people will get mad”

A

formal operations

67
Q

TYL:
which stage?
thinks there’s less playdough if you squish it

A

preoperational

68
Q

who is Erik Erikson

A

introduced psychosocial
artist turned psychologist
realized that having a passion doesn’t necessarily translate into a talent in the arts

69
Q

what does psychosocial mean?

A

how an environment can impact an individual’s wellness and ability to function

70
Q

apply age range:

trust vs. mistrust

A

1 - 1.5

71
Q

apply age range:

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

1.5 - 3

72
Q

apply age range:

initiative vs. guilt

A

3 - 6

73
Q

apply age range:

industry vs. inferiority

A

6 - puberty

74
Q

apply age range:

identity vs. confusion

A

adolescence

75
Q

apply age range:

intimacy vs. isolation

A

early adulthood

76
Q

apply age range:

generative vs. self absorption

A

middle adulthood

77
Q

apply age range:

integrity vs. despair

A

late adulthood

78
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

am I capable of having a meaningful, intimate relationship with another?

A

intimacy vs. isolation

79
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

do i measure up to my peers?

A

industry vs. inferiority

80
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

can I do things by myself?

A

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

81
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

have I lived a full life?

A

integrity vs. despair

82
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

are my basic needs taken care of?

A

trust vs. mistrust

83
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

am I a good kid?

A

initiative vs. guilt

84
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

who am I and where am I going in life?

A

identity vs. confusion

85
Q

TYL: which stage is defined by the psychological question?

have I produced something worthwhile in my life?

A

generative vs. self-absorption

86
Q

what are kubler-ross’ stages of grieving and dying

A 
denial
anger
bargaining
depression 
acceptance
87
Q

what are the two additions to kubler-ross’ stages of grieving and dying?

A

shock (first)

testing (before acceptance)

88
Q

TYL: Personality Approaches

what do genetics have to do with it?

A

biological

89
Q

TYL: Personality Approaches

what does the unconscious have to do with it?

A

psychodynamic

90
Q

TYL: Personality Approaches

what do rewards and punishments have to do with it?

A

behavioral

91
Q

TYL: Personality Approaches

what do trait dimensions have to do with it?

A

trait

92
Q

TYL: Personality Approaches

what does free will have to do with it?

A

humanistic

93
Q

TYL: Personality Approaches

what do thought processes have to do with it?

A

cognitive

94
Q

TYL: The Self

if a species can recognize themselves in a mirror, this is evidence for:

A

self-awareness

95
Q

TYL: The Self

being video recorded mostly increases people’s:

A

self-consciousness

96
Q

TYL: The Self

when you use it, you lose it:

A

self-regulation

97
Q

TYL: The Self

the goldilock’s effect is needed here - not too little and not too much:

A

self-enhancement

98
Q

TYL: The Self

receiving unconditional positive regard from someone can increase your:

A

self-congruency

99
Q

TYL: The Self

giving people positive feedback can increase their:

A

self-esteem

100
Q

what is Freud known for?

A

starting the psychodynamic approach

101
Q

what are phallic symbols?

A

Freudian idea that suggests that everyday objects are seen as genitals

102
Q

what are Freudian slips?

A

Freudian idea that mistakes in speech are sexually motivated

103
Q

what is oral personality?

A

person is emotionally fixed in the oral stage of development, often experiencing the constant need to put things in the mouth

104
Q

what are the two anal personalities?

A

anal retentive

anal repulsive

105
Q

what is anal retentive?

A

excessively fussy; orderly, need for control

106
Q

what is anal repulsive?

A

messy, sloppy

107
Q

who is Hans Eysenck?

A

physiological approach, temperaments

- intro/extrovert studies

108
Q

what is the galvanic skin response test?

A

a change in the electrical resistance of the skin caused by emotional stress

109
Q

what did Alfred Adler contribute to psychology?

A

the need superiority; people strive to be better than average at what they do

110
Q

what is the spotlight effect? what was the video that was shown in class?

A

when we overestimate the extent to which others pay attention to us.
video: “Lonely Guy”

111
Q

what did the Standford Marshmallow Test measure?

A

self-regulation

112
Q

what are the three tests that a personality test must pass?

A

validity, reliability, and predictability

endorsed by APA

113
Q

what are the warning signs for fake tests?

A

claiming to measure entire personality
gives personality profile full of generalities
claims that you are a personality type without giving any reason
results only include positive attributes

114
Q

TYL: personality tests

you want to narrow down your three finalist applicants for the job

A

PF Questionnaire

115
Q

TYL: personality tests

you want to investigate a therapy clients unconscious influences

A

Meyer/Briggs

116
Q

TYL: personality tests

you want to investigate a therapy clients unconscious influences you wish to do research comparing normal personalities

A

NEO Personality Inventory

neuroticism, extroversion, openness

117
Q

TYL: personality tests

this test is not a “real” personality test (low reliability and validity)

A

Rorschach test (inkblot)

118
Q

TYL: personality tests

you want to pre-screen a therapy client for possible disorders

A

MMPI

119
Q

TYL: personality tests

you want to explore a therapy client’s (a writer’s) unconscious

A

TAT (thematic apperception test)

PSY101 (4 decks)

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