Unit 2 Flashcards
stimuli of the tactile system
touch, temperature, pain
stimuli of the visual system
light waves
stimuli of the gustatory system
soluble chemicals
stimuli of the auditory system
sound waves
stimuli of the vestibular system
head movements
stimuli of the olfactory system
soluble chemicals
receptors for the auditory system
cilia in cochlea
receptors for the visual system
rods and cones
receptors for the gustatory system
taste cell
receptors for vestibular system
cilia in semicircular canal
receptors for olfactory system
cilia in nasal cavity
receptors in tactile system
nerve cells in skin
1st gateway to sense and perception
attention
2nd gateway: thalamus
3 ways to measure light waves
wave height (brightness, Hz)
wavelength (hue/color, nm)
purity (saturation)
opponent process theory
+ demo
Ewald Hering
3 opposing color pairs
activation of one member of the pair inhibits activity i the other
demo: beyoncé afterimage
demo: skin crawling explains which theory?
gestalt principle of continuity:
brain experiences visual line of elements that are grouped together
demo: count the number of f’s in this sentence explains which theory?
gestalt principle of closure:
brain tends to fill in missing information that gives closure or completeness
(brain skips over small words to increase efficiency and reading speed)
3 ways to measure sound waves
wave height (amplitude, db)
wavelength (pitch, Hz)
purity (timbre)
what are ossicles?
small bones in ear that make eardrum vibrates
human hearing capacity
20-20,000 Hz
human wavelength
400-700 nm
What is one of the differences between sensation and perception?
A. Sensation is the emotional response you make of a situation, whereas perception is the logical response you make.
B. Sensation is the sense that you make of a situation, whereas perception is the reception of signals to the brain.
C. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals.
D. Sensation is the positive feelings you have toward a situation, whereas perception is the negative feelings you have.
C. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals.
Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd-floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Matt hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Matt to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed \_\_\_\_. A. transduction B. perception C. adaptation D. sensation
D. sensation
Marla suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Marla's disorder, which process is directly disrupted? A. transduction B. perception C. sensation D. sensory adaptation
A. transduction
An important gateway to perception is the process of \_\_\_\_, which is defined as a narrow focus of consciousness. A. attention B. cognition C. adaptation D. interpretation
A. attention
The methods of psychophysics allow us to establish the limits of awareness or \_\_\_\_\_. A. intelligence B. conduction velocity C. criteria D. thresholds
D. threshold
A radiologist correctly identifying cancer from a mammogram is an example of \_\_\_\_\_. A. difference threshold B. correct rejection C. signal detection D. absolute threshold
C. signal detection
Which of the following is an example of perception?
A. How you identify a song when you hear it
B. How light affects your eyes
C. How a tap on your back draws your attention away from a conversation
D. How a sound wave affects the organ of your ear
A. How you identify a song when you hear it
College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kate are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle says they are jade, Renee is leaning toward teal, and Kate insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains? A. Transduction B. Perception C. Sensation D. Sensory adaptation
B. perception
Celeste moved into her college dorm room today. She turns off her light before going to bed and notices glow-in-the-dark stickers on the ceiling, presumably left behind from the previous occupant. What process best exemplifies her recognition of the light generated by these stickers? A. Top-down processing B. Inward-out processing C. Bottom-up processing D. Outward-in processing
C. Bottom-up processing
Thad returns home from class on a hot summer's evening, turns on the air conditioner full blast, and sits down to watch television. His roommate Sean returns home an hour later and wonders how Thad can hear the television above the loud noise of the air conditioner. Thad remarks that he doesn't even notice the sound. Which process causes the air conditioner to seem louder to Sean than to Thad? A. Sensory adaptation B. Transduction C. Perception D. `Sensation
A. Sensory adaptation
Seven-year-old Sam is not allowed to touch the television remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sam becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, “Stop playing with the remote!” What prevented Sam’s father from noticing the volume change on the previous day?
A. The change on the second day failed to exceed his father’s fixed threshold.
B. The change on the first day exceeded his father’s absolute threshold.
C. The change on the first day failed to exceed his father’s difference threshold.
D. The change on the second day was higher than his father’s distinct threshold.
C. The change on the first day failed to exceed his father’s difference threshold.
Seeing light from a candle flame 30 miles away on a dark night is an example of \_\_\_\_\_. A. signal detection B. absolute threshold C. correct rejection D. difference threshold
B. absolute threshold
The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the \_\_\_\_. A. cornea B. retina C. iris D. pupil
A. cornea
After suffering an eye injury during a lacrosse match, Gregg is forced to wear an eye patch. In addition to problems with depth perception, Gregg's ophthalmologist tells him that his blind spot will be more evident. Which structure of the eye has been affected with regard to his blind spot? A. Cornea B. Optic disk C. fovea D. Lens
B. Optic disk
How does the brain process visual information?
A. Information travels from the lens to the hippocampus and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the temporal lobe and the hypothalamus.
B. Information travels from the cornea to the amygdala and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the parietal lobe and the thalamus.
C. Information travels from the pupil to the reticular formation and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the frontal lobe and the pons.
D. Information travels from the retina to the thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala.
D. Information travels from the retina to the thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala.
The primary colors of light are \_\_\_\_. A. red, green, and blue B. yellow, green, and blue C. red, yellow, and blue D. red, yellow, and green
A. red, green, and blue
The mathematical approach to object recognition suggests that we \_\_\_\_. A. consolidate hues and saturation B. analyze patterns of lines C. subtract background images D. integrate gradients of light
B. analyze patterns of lines
Juliet is only 2 days old. She is shown several different pictures. Which would she be most likely to stare at for the longest? A. A picture of her mother's face B. A picture of herself C. A picture of a spiral D. A picture of random shapes
A. A picture of her mother’s face
Martha gets up early, turns on the light in the bathroom, and watches herself in the mirror as the black centers of her eyes constrict. What is this black center called? A. Retina B. Pupil C. Iris D. Cornea
B. Pupil
An area of the retina that is specialized for seeing fine details is referred to as the \_\_\_\_. A. cornea B. optic disk C. fovea D. lens
C. fovea
What does the parietal lobe do in the processing of visual information?
A. It helps process movement.
B. It helps you to see low-contrast objects.
C. It helps in recognizing faces.
D. It helps in processing colors.
A. It helps process movement.
One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. What is this theory? A. The tricolor detection scheme B. The trichromatic theory C. The tiered wavelength model D. The primary paradigm
B. The trichromatic theory
In terms of object recognition, the simplest patterns of lines are gratings, which can vary in two dimensions: \_\_\_\_. A. frequency and depth B. frequency and contrast C. hue and depth D. hue and contrast
B. frequency and contrast
Callie recently began wearing prescription glasses after her ophthalmologist informed her that she is affected by astigmatism. She learns that this is caused by \_\_\_\_. A. an uneven surface of the cornea B. an irregular eyeball shape C. the degeneration of the retina D. the loss of elasticity of the lens
A. an uneven surface of the cornea
Which feature of the eye is analogous to the hole in the center of a doughnut? A. Cornea B. Retina C. Pupil D. Iris
C. Pupil
In what orientation are images projected onto the retina?
A. Mirrored but right side up
B. Upside down but not reversed
C. Upside down and reversed
D. Tilted left in the right eye, and tilted right in the left eye
C. Upside down and reversed
What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information?
A. It interprets the contours of an object.
B. It perceives the intensity of the stimulus.
C. It decodes the color of the stimulus.
D. It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli.
D. It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli.
The world perceived by Matteo is very different than the world perceived by most; he can only see black, white, or shades of gray. What can we conclude about Matteo?
A. His retina is missing at least one type of cone.
B. His retina is missing at least two types of cones.
C. His retina is missing at least one type of rod.
D. His retina is missing at least two types of rods.
B. His retina is missing at least two types of cones.
Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view?
A. The world is best understood by breaking it down into individual elements.
B. We perceive our environment through separate but equal senses.
C. Where one sense is lost, another is gained.
D. The whole is something else than the sum of its parts.
D. The whole is something else than the sum of its parts.
Why are Westerners more likely than people from New Guinea or India to see the Müller-Lyer illusion?
A. Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines.
B. Westerners tend to rely more on their visual senses than their auditory or olfactory senses.
C. Those of Western descent tend to have more cones than rods, decreasing their ability to see faint contrast.
D. Western philosophy maintains that spatial or mathematical problems have only one correct answer.
A. Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines.
What were the results of a study that tracked the eye movements of American and Chinese college students as they scanned photographs?
A. The American students sporadically surveyed several images with their eyes, regardless of the image; Chinese students used the same pattern of eye movement.
B. The Chinese students were more likely to focus on the figure; American students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.
C. The American students were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.
D. The Chinese and American students both scanned from left to right.
C. The American students were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.
Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the \_\_\_\_. A. oval window B. cochlea C. pinna D. eustachian tube
C. pinna
The purpose of the hair cells in the organ of Corti are to ____.
A. convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses
B. interpret the sounds as received from the cochlea
C. block sounds from one ear when receiving from the other to avoid overloading the brain
D. enhance sounds and send them through the eustachian tube
A. convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses
According to the place theory of pitch perception, how do sound waves affect the basilar membrane?
A. High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex.
B. High-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base.
C. High-frequency tones relax the membrane; low-frequency tones stiffen the membrane.
D. High-frequency tones stiffen the membrane; low-frequency tones relax the membrane.
A. High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex.
Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____.
A. to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear
B. via sound waves funneling through the pinna
C. via undulation differentiation in the basilar membrane
D. by echolocation at the tympanic membrane
A. to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear
What is the evidence that hearing begins well before birth?
A. Hours after birth, newborns begin to curl their tongue in preparation for generating specialized sounds.
B. Fetuses as young as 6 months move more often when their mother speaks than in response to a stranger’s voice.
C. Ultrasound waves stimulate the auditory nerve in fetuses as young as 7 months.
D. Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother’s voice.
D. Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother’s voice.
What does it mean if you have perfect pitch?
A. You can name a note after hearing it.
B. You can sing with perfect tone.
C. You can tune a guitar or other instrument perfectly.
D. You can recognize the tempo of any song.
A. You can name a note after hearing it.
In the middle ear, the purpose of three tiny bones located in the middle ear is to ____.
A. directly stimulate the auditory nerve
B. decode the frequency and amplitude of sound waves
C. buffer sound waves before entering the inner ear
D. transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear
D. transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear
The "grouping" principle developed by Gestalt psychologists applies to hearing; humans perceive sounds that \_\_\_\_\_ as being from the same source. A. are at similar hertz B. stop and start at the same time C. are from different locations D. start one after the other
B. stop and start at the same time
The place theory of perception uses the analogy of \_\_\_\_ to explain how we hear different pitches. A. a jet producing a sonic boom B. stringed instruments C. a raindrop hitting a puddle D. sonar technology
B. stringed instruments
What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech? A. Grouping B. Tone C. Rhythm D. Fragmentation
A. Grouping
Jenni’s 72-year-old grandfather has difficulty understanding her when she speaks, but he seems to understand her father much better. Why might this be?
A. People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a higher-pitched voice than her father does.
B. Jenni’s grandfather’s auditory processing mechanisms have become used to Jenni’s father’s voice, but Jenni’s voice is relatively novel.
C. People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing lower-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a lower-pitched voice than her father does.
D. People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds under 6000 Hz.
A. People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a higher-pitched voice than her father does.
At what age do humans show evidence of responding preferentially to their native language? A. 1 week B. 8.5 months C. 6 months D. 2 days
D. 2 days
Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors? A. Tympanic membrane B. Pinna C. Auditory nerve D. Cochlea
D. Cochlea
Which of these responses to sound does NOT originate in the midbrain?
A. Identifying the source of a sound
B. Recognizing a Bach quintet
C. Turning toward the source of a loud noise
D. Localizing a sound
B. Recognizing a Bach quintet
What does the temporal theory state?
A. Humans perceive sounds differently at different times of day.
B. Human perception of sound correlates with the part of the basilar membrane showing a peak response.
C. Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex. Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex.
D. Humans localize sound by matching neural firing to the sound.
D. Humans localize sound by matching neural firing to the sound.
What is another name for the eardrum? A. Eustachian tube B. Organ of Corti C. Tympanic membrane D. Pinna
C. Tympanic membrane
Noelle has perfect pitch. Compared with other people, Noelle is likely to have ____.
A. areas of her left hemisphere that are larger
B. less white matter
C. more white matter
D. areas of her right hemisphere that are larger
A. areas of her left hemisphere that are larger
Sensations of body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain are referred to as \_\_\_\_. A. sympathetic sensation B. autonosensation C. parietal sensation D. somatosensation
D. somatosensation
Information about touch travels from the skin directly to the \_\_\_\_. A. medulla B. thalamus C. spinal cord D. somatosensory cortex
C. spinal cord
Although athletes and nonathletes share similar pain \_\_\_\_, these groups are quite different in their \_\_\_\_\_ of pain. A. remedies, concept B. thresholds, tolerance C. signals, level D. experiences, perception
B. thresholds, tolerance
No other sensory modality is as dramatically affected by culture, context, and experience as our sense of \_\_\_\_\_. A. pain B. taste C. smell D. hearing
A. pain
Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug’s phantom limb sensation?
A. Motor cortex redirecting its outputs
B. Misappropriated top-down processing
C. Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex
D. Spinal cord axons attempting to reinnervate the site of the injury
C. Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex
Patients who self-administer morphine for pain require \_\_\_\_ medication than patients who receive injections from hospital staff. A. less B. stronger C. the same amount of D. more
A. less
The movement of hair cells in the vestibular system results in the production of signals in the auditory nerve. Where do the axons of the auditory nerve then form connections? A. Medulla and cerebellum B. Somatosensory cortex and cerebellum C. Medulla and thalamus D. Somatosensory cortex and thalamus
A. Medulla and cerebellum
While hanging up a picture, Joy hits her thumb with a hammer, causing agonizing pain. Joy immediately puffs out her cheeks and blows air onto her thumb over and over again. Her roommate Bethany laughs and then remarks, “Are you drying nail polish or hoping to blow away the pain?” However, Joy’s thumb does in fact feel better. Why?
A. She is hyperstimulating the pain receptors in her skin, causing the sensation of pain to fade away quicker.
B. She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain.
C. She is simply buying time until the pain receptors enter a refractory period; blowing air onto the thumb plays only a psychological role.
D. She is redirecting her attention toward a random behavior, which will activate areas of the cortex involved in higher-order processing.
B. She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain.
People who \_\_\_\_\_ are able to tolerate higher levels of pain than those who do not. A. live in warm climates B. participate in contact sports C. strive for perfection D. exercise regularly
B. participate in contact sports
Proprioception is _____.
A. an animal’s ability to sense when to mate
B. the ability to predict what another person is going to say
C. the tendency to put our own needs ahead of others’ needs
D. the knowledge of where one’s body is in space
D. the knowledge of where one’s body is in space
What does the vestibular system do?
A. It limits the body’s reflex responses.
B. It allows us to perceive unusual tastes.
C. It controls the body’s response to pain.
D. It provides us with information about body position and movement.
D. It provides us with information about body position and movement.
Of the five different human sensory systems, famed philosopher Immanuel Kant considered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to be the most dispensable. A. vision B. olfaction C. gustation D. audition
B. olfaction
Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish among the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar, category of taste, known by the \_\_\_\_. A. German term geschmack B. Indian term raita C. Japanese term umami D. French term gourmand
C. Japanese term umami
Three-year-old Joshua spits out his broccoli, scrunches his face, and shouts, “Yuck!” His mother can’t understand why he has such a distaste for broccoli because she finds it to be rather bland. Why might Joshua and his mother have such different reactions to the taste of broccoli?
A. As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases.
B. Hyperstimulation of taste buds in young children may produce the sensation of burning.
C. The orbitofrontal cortex loses a significant number of neurons as we age.
D. Myelinated axons connecting to the medulla become unmyelinated as we age.
A. As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases.
Newborns seem relatively oblivious to \_\_\_\_ tastes. A. sour B. sweet C. bitter D. salty
D. salty
What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation? A. Chemical B. Waveform C. Mechanical D. Electrical
A. Chemical
In combat veterans, the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder appears to interact with which sense? A. Taste B. Olfaction C. Audition D. Vision
B. Olfaction
Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as \_\_\_\_. A. gustatory bulbs B. keratin protrusions C. papillae D. corpuscles
C. papillae
How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways?
A. Before making connections with the medulla, sensory input travels through the spinal cord.
B. Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex.
C. It does not require the cortex for higher-order processing.
D. The first direct connection is to the thalamus and not to the medulla.
B. Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex.
Heather considers herself a "chocoholic." When she is having a bad day, she knows that a few bites of chocolate will always make her feel better. Which area of her brain is responsible for this effect? A. Medulla B. Somatosensory cortex C. Thalamus D. Orbitofrontal cortex
D. Orbitofrontal cortex
Decreased sensitivity in \_\_\_\_\_ and taste might affect overall appetite as we age. A. the brain B. vision C. audition D. olfaction
D. olfaction
Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization?
A. Americans tend to separate odor into broader categories.
B. Americans tend to find body odor offensive.
C. Americans tend to clump all natural odors into one category.
D. Americans are not as skilled at sorting odors into fruit or flower categories.
B. Americans tend to find body odor offensive.
Combat veterans with PTSD experienced anxiety after being exposed to the smell of \_\_\_\_\_. A. cologne B. food C. diesel D. flowers
C. diesel
interferes with adosine (inhibitory NT)
caffeine
mimics acetylcholine
nicotine
boosts GABA (main inhibitor)
alcohol
natural cannabinoid (NT) activity
cannabinoid
dopamine and norepinephrine activity
ritalin
inhibit dopamine reuptake
cocaine
inhibits dopamine reuptake
dopamine and norepinephrine activity
other amphetamines
serotonin and oxytocin
MDMA (ectasy)
imitate natural endorphins
opoids
seratonin activity
LSD
Which of the following phrases describes the different mental states of students in your class, whether it be drowsy, full of energy, or somewhere in-between? A. Stream of consciousness B. Content awareness C. Preconscious awareness D. State of awareness
D. State of awareness
Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation? A. State of awareness B. Content of awareness C. Preconscious awareness D. Stream of consciousness
B. Content of awareness
From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals?
A. It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes.
B. It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.
C. It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats.
D. It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control.
B. It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively.
Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the \_\_\_\_. A. midbrain B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. thalamus
D. thalamus
What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness? A. Medial parietal cortex B. Substantia nigra C. Corpus callosum D. Reticular formation
D. Reticular formation
Which of the following is a correct statement about the default mode network (DMN) in the brain?
A. It maintains a consistent source of energy usage in the brain.
B. It lights up the brain so that you make fewer mistakes.
C. It focuses the brain on detailed tasks.
D. It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought.
D. It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought.
Tasha runs a day care center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached? A. Self-awareness B. Meta-cognition C. Reflective awareness D. Awareness of sensation
A. Self-awareness
Being conscious means to know or be aware of \_\_\_\_\_, both internally and in the world around us. A. things that have happened in the past B. possible future paths C. completed activities D. ongoing experiences
D. ongoing experiences
Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that \_\_\_\_. A. exhibit complex social behavior B. demonstrate cognitive complexity C. show strong individualism D. are at the top of the food chain
A. exhibit complex social behavior
Which of the following is a possible explanation for why animals have evolved to have various states of alertness?
A. Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy.
B. Sleep allows animals to respond instinctively.
C. Sleep enables animals to specialize in daytime or nighttime activity.
D. Sleep keeps animals from being at risk for attack.
A. Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy.
Activity in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the brain corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about the self, and preparing for conscious thought. A. reticular activating system (RAS) B. default mode network (DMN) C. prefrontal cortex (PFC) D. behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
B. default mode network (DMN)
Among the brain structures that are believed to participate in consciousness are the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and \_\_\_\_\_. A. reticular formation B. prefrontal cortex C. occipital lobe D. hippocampus
A. reticular formation
An animal’s light-dark cycle, which for humans is 24 hours, is otherwise known as its \_\_\_\_\_. A. contrast arousal B. circadian rhythm C. cerebrodynamic cycle D. chronometric temperance
B. circadian rhythm
Kendyl was born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother, Gabe, was born with normal vision. Compared with Gabe, Kendyl will likely have \_\_\_\_. A. no circadian cycle B. a longer circadian cycle C. the same circadian cycle D. a shorter circadian cycle
B. a longer circadian cycle
Patti finds her husband, Derek, asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, “Derek, wake up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, “Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in \_\_\_\_. A. Stage 3 or 4 N-REM sleep B. Stage 2 N-REM sleep C. Stage 1 N-REM sleep D. REM sleep
C. Stage 1 N-REM sleep
Which of these would be characteristic of someone in Stage 4 N-REM sleep?
A. Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep
B. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking
C. Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli
D. An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person
B. Deep sleep with disorientation before waking
Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported \_\_\_\_. A. blurred vision B. headache and nausea C. muscle and joint pain D. sore throat and itchy eyes
C. muscle and joint pain
During \_\_\_ activity, a person is actively thinking and alert. A. alpha B. gamma C. beta D. delta
C. beta
