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Psychology 3/4 > UNIT 3 - How do people learn and remember SAC 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 3 - How do people learn and remember SAC 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the likelihood of a behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

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2
Q

What are two characteristics of operant conditioning

A

The learner is active

Form of voluntary learning

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3
Q

What does operant mean in operant conditioning

A

An operant in a response that occurs and acts (operates) on the environment to produce some sort of effect

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4
Q

What are the three phases of operant conditioning

A

Antecedent/discriminative stimulus
Behaviour/operant response
Consequence

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5
Q

What is the antecedent / discriminative stimulus

A

The stimulus that occurs before the behaviour stage that triggers/initiates the operant response.

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6
Q

What is behaviour stage of operant conditioning

A

Also known as operant response, is the voluntary response caused by the antecedent

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7
Q

What is the consequence stage of operant conditioning

A

The result of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again. There are two forms of consequence, reinforcement or punishment.

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8
Q

What are the two types of consequence

A

reinforcement

punishment

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9
Q

What does positive and negative mean in the context of operant conditioning

A

Positive: Giving something (applying)
Negative: Taking something away (remove)

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10
Q

What is reinforcement

A

When a desirable behaviour is encouraged with the view of strengthening it, thus increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring agin

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11
Q

What is positive reinforcement and give an example

A

When something desirable is given to strengthen the likelihood of a response
e.g. if you do your homework you get a treat

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12
Q

What is negative reinforcement and give an example

A

The removal of ab unpleasant/undesirable stimulus to strengthen the likelihood of a response
e.g. If you do your homework you don’t have to do your chores

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13
Q

Define Punishment

A

When an undesirable behaviour is discouraged in an aim to weaken the likelihood of the behaviour

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14
Q

what is punishment/positive punishment and give an example

A

When a n undesirable stimulus is given to weaken/decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring
e.g. yelling at child who has drawn on the bedroom walls

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15
Q

What is an example of negative punishment/response cost

A

A form of punishment were something desirable is removed to weaken/decrease likelihood of a behaviour occurring
e.g.. Phone confiscated for misbehaving

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16
Q

What is continuous reinforcement with an example

A

when the encouragement of a desired behaviour (reinforcement) occurs overtime a correct behaviour is performed
e.g.. get a lolly overtime you finish a question for homework

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17
Q

What is continuous reinforcement essential for

A

essential for acquisition stage

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18
Q

what is the weakness of continuous reinforcement

A

No effective for maintaining a maximal response rate that is long-term

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19
Q

What is partial reinforcement

A

The encouragement of a desired behaviour (reinforcement) after some responses but not all

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20
Q

When should partial reinforcement be used and why

A

After the acquisition stage, because this tends to create stronger responses that last long term

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21
Q

Why does operant condition not work overtime?

A

Because it involves a CHOICE, and involves an active learner. Consequences guide but cannot control.

22
Q

What are the three factors that makes operant conditioning effective`

A

Order of operation
Timing
Appropriateness

23
Q

how does order of operation make OC effective

A

Consequence should always occur after behaviour to be effective

24
Q

how does timing make OC effective

A

Most effective when consequence occurs immediately after behaviour. This ensures there is a link between the behaviour and consequence

25
Q

How does appropriateness of reinforcement make operant conditioning effective

A

The reward must be valued, so they are motivated to behave correctly

26
Q

How does the appropriateness of punishment make operant conditioning effective

A

Must be fair, so there is weakening of behaviour instead of resentment against punisher

27
Q

what are the two factors involved in Operant conditioning?

A

Stimulus generalisations

stimulus discrimination

28
Q

What is stimulus generalisation is operant conditioning

A

where the same behaviour is elected as a result of a similar (but not necessarily the same) antecedent to the original.

29
Q

what are 2 examples of stimulus generalisation is OC

A

got praise for trying hard in one class, so you try hard in all your classes
took parasol for a headache and it took the headache away, so you take parasol now for back pain and cramps

30
Q

What is stimulus discrimination

A

Where the behaviour is elected only from the same antecedent not similar ones

31
Q

What is acquisition in operant conditioning

A

the establishment of a response through reinforcement/consequnce. Here behaviour and consequence is linked.

32
Q

What is extinction in operant conditioning

A

The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a learned response following consistent non-reinforcement of the behaviour

33
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning

A

can occur after apparent extinction/rest period and involves the learner once again showing the behaviour in absence of the consequence. The response however is usually weaker and only short-term.

34
Q

What is the social learning theory

A

focuses on learning which occurs through watching another person’s actions and their consequences to guide future behaviour

35
Q

wat is observational learning

A

the means of acquiring social learning theory and modelling behaviour.

36
Q

What is modelling

A

When a person (model) is observed and then the observer demonstrates the learned behaviour

37
Q

When is observational learning most seen

A

In children

38
Q

is the learner active during observational learning

A

yes

39
Q

What are the 5 key processes of observational learning

A 
attention
retention
reproduction 
motivation
reinforcement
40
Q

What is attention

A

learner actively watches the model

41
Q

what is retention

A

cognitive aspect of OL as learner stores mental representation of learner. Memory must be stored to reproduce behaviour.

42
Q

What is reproduction

A

Learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour. They may not perform it t this time, but they must have the ability to convert mental representation into actions.

43
Q

what is motivation

A

learner must want to imitate learned behaviour. This depends on whether the learner believes the consequence is desirable

44
Q

What is reinforcement

A

if there is a prospect of a positive result to imitating the behaviour, it is likely the learner will do so.

45
Q

What are the two types of motivation

A

intrinsic

extrinsic

46
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

motivation comes from within the learner, such as a personal desire driven by emotions

47
Q

What is extrinsic motivation

A

motivation through environment, some form of reward offered

48
Q

what are the 3 types of reinforcement

A

Self-reinforcement
external reinforcement
vicarious reinforcement

49
Q

what is self-reinforcement

A

imitator receives satisfying consequences as a result of imitating models behaviour

50
Q

what is external-reinforcement

A

receiving praise from another, this may be from the model or a ‘third person’

51
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

positive consequences received to model or another imitator. Influences the likelihood of observer imitating

Psychology 3/4 (8 decks)

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