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Psychology 3/4 > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Define consciousness

A

Consciousness is the awareness of our thoughts, feelings, behaviours and environments at any moment in time

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2
Q

What are the two states of consciousness

A

Normal waking consciousness

Altered state consciousness

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3
Q

what is normal waking consciousness

A

Normal waking consciousness is the awareness of our thought, feelings, behaviours and environment at any given moment in time. This includes internal and external events.

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4
Q

What is altered states of consciousness

A

Altered state of consciousness is any characteristically different state from normal waking consciousness in terms of thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

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5
Q

What is selective attention

A

The concentration of one specific task.

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6
Q

What is divided attention

A

Where attention is not focussed on one particular task, rather across a range of tasks.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of consciousness

3 Cats Love P.E.T.S

A 
content limitations
Perceptual distortions 
Cognitive distortions 
Emotional awareness 
self - control 
time-orientation
level of awareness 
controlled and automatic processing
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8
Q

What is content limitations in ASC

A

content is fairly unlimited

lack of control over what we say

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9
Q

What is controlled and automatic processes

A
  • a task which requires selective attention and lots of concentration
  • a task which can be completed with divided attention
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10
Q

What is distortions of perception and coignition in ASC

A

.Perceptions may be dulled or heightened
sometimes so distorted some people lose their sense of identity

cognition illogical and fragmented
recall may be less accurate
memory impaired
thought rocesse less logical

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11
Q

What is disturbed sense of time/time orientations in ASC

A

Sense of time become distorted, time could be predicted as moving faster or slower

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12
Q

What is changes controlled and automatic processes in ASC

A

.Some drugs can stimulate awareness however it is usually less able to performed controlled and automatic processes. Usually less centric I’ve attention, which may be highly selective but less able to multitask

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13
Q

What is changed in emotional awareness in ASC

A

Emotional responses tend to be inappropriate (laugh at something sad) or it may be heightened, or dulled

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14
Q

What are the changes in self control in ASC

A

Self control is compromised, you may be asleep drunk or hypnotised. There is a greater susceptibility to suggestion

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15
Q

What are examples of altered states of consciousness

A 
sleep, 
day dreams
meditative state
alcohol
psychoactive drugs
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16
Q

What is day dreaming

A

A naturally occurring altered state of consciousness where there is a shift in awareness from external events to internal thoughts

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17
Q

What is induced states

A

.

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18
Q

What is hypothetical construct

A

A phenomena that is believed to exist but cannot be directly measured. It is the measurement of physiological responses: brainwaves, eye movements etc. Through these measures we can hypothesise what state of consciousness is experienced.

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19
Q

What is the conscious continuum

A

William James hypothesised the “steam of consciousness of ever changing and flowing”, and thus our level of consciousness can be placed on a continuum ranging from highly focussed to no thoughts, feeling or sensations at all.

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20
Q

What are the devices for measuring sleep

A

EEG - Electroencephalograph
EOG - Electro-oculargraph
EMG - Electromyograph

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21
Q

What is an EEG machine

A

A device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain, in the form of brain waves.

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22
Q

What is an EOG machine

A

detects amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes and are associated with eye movement

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23
Q

What is an EMG machine

A

detects amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles around the body

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24
Q

What are the order of brainwaves

A

beta
alpha
theta
delta

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25
Q

Describe beta waves

A

high frequency, low amplitude (high brain activity)

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26
Q

Describe Alpha waves

A

medium-high frequency, medium-low amplitude (medium-high brain activity)

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27
Q

Describe theta waves

A

medium frequency, mixed amplitude (high medium and low) (medium brain activity)

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28
Q

Describe delta waves

A

Low frequency, high amplitude

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29
Q

What is amplitude in brainwaves

A

the height of the wave

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30
Q

What is frequency in brain waves

A

how often the waves occur

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31
Q

What are the different types of body rhythms

A

ultradian and circadian

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32
Q

What is circadian rhythms

A

an internal body clock which is located in the hypothalamus . It is a biological rhythms that occurs approximately once every 24 hours, for example, the sleep-wake cycle. melatonin and cortisol is controlled by this cycle.

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33
Q

What is an ultradian rhythm

A

a biological rhythm that is shorter than
24 hours, such as the NREM/REM sleep
cycle

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34
Q

What is NREM sleep

A

Is one of the two phases of sleep characterised by little or no rapid eye movement, and often divided into four stages which are determined by their predominant brainwave patterns.

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35
Q

What percentage of the night are we in NREM sleep

A

80%

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36
Q

Describe stage 1 of NREM sleep

A
  • transition from awake to sleep
  • enter a relaxed state known as a hypnogogic state
  • very light form of sleep, easily wakened
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37
Q

What is the name for the relaxed state we enter in stage 1 of NREM sleep

A

Hypnogogic state

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38
Q

What are special features of stage 1 of NREM sleep

A

Hypnogogic jerk

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39
Q

What is the duration of stage 1 of NREM sleep

A

5-10 minutes

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40
Q

What are the brainwaves of stage 1 of NREM sleep

A

Alpha

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41
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 2 of NREM sleep

A

Accounts for 50%. Fairly easy to be woken, but if we were woken we may not believe we were asleep. The eyes stop rolling in this sleep.

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42
Q

WHat is the duration of stage 2 of NREM sleep

A

10-20 minutes

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43
Q

What is the physiological response of stage 1 of NREM

A

eter hypnogogic state with hallucinatory images

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44
Q

What is the physiological response of stage 2 NREM

A

Eyes stop rolling
heart rate slows
Blood pressure slows
Breathing slows

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45
Q

WHAT BRAINWAVES DO WE EXPERIENCE IN STAGE 2 OF NREM SLEEP

A

theta

46
Q

What are the special features of stage 2 of NREM sleep

A 
Sleep spindles (Burst high frequency)
and K complexes (High amplitude )
47
Q

WHat are the characteristics of stage 3 of NREM sleep

A

Brief transition stage which marks the point of deep sleep. We become less responsive to external stimuli and we are more difficult to wake, if we do wake up however we feel very groggy.

48
Q

What are the brainwaves involved in stage 3 of NREM sleep

A

theta (delta below 50%)

49
Q

What are the special feature of stage 3 in NREM sleep

A

slow wave sleep

50
Q

What is the duration of stage 3 NREM sleep

A

20 minutes

51
Q

What is the physiological response of stage 3 NREM sleep

A

eyes do not move
muscles relax
heart rate, blood pressure and breathing slows

52
Q

What are the characteristics of stage 4 NREM sleep

A

Deepest sleep and very difficult to wake up. Our conscious awareness is very low but we can still be sensitive to certain stimuli (baby crying, fire alarm).

53
Q

What is the brain waves involved in stage 4 NREM sleep

A

delta

54
Q

hat are the physiological responses involved in stage 4 NREM sleep

A

heart rate, blood pressure and breathing relax and regulate

55
Q

What are the special features of stage 4 in NREM sleep

A

things happen that aren’t in our conscious control, sleep walking, talking and bed wetting

56
Q

After the first sleep cycle, what are the stage orders?

A

1,2,3,4,3,2,REM

57
Q

Define REM sleep

A

one of two phases (REM and NREM)
of sleep, characterised by rapid eye
movement. Often called paradoxical sleep, there is no muscle activity but the brain is highly active. The first cycle lasts approximately 10 minutes, and it is a lighter form of sleep than stages 3&4 NREM.

58
Q

What type of sleep does dreaming occur

A

REM

59
Q

What is a K complex and a Sleep spindle

A

K complex - burst of high amplitude in brain wave activity during stage 2 NREM
Sleep Spindle - Burt of high frequency during stage 2 NREM

60
Q

What is a hypnogogic jerk

A

Involuntary muscle twitches during stage 1 of NREM sleep

61
Q

What is sleep walking also called

A

somnambulism

62
Q

What are the characteristics of REM sleep

A

repetitive burst of rapid eye movement
paralysis/cataplexy
paradoxical sleep (muscles no activity, brain high)

63
Q

What is REM necessary for replenishing

A

brain

64
Q

WHat is NREM sleep necessary for replenishing

A

body

65
Q

What are the two theories regarding the purpose of sleep

A

Evolution

restorative

66
Q

What is the restorative theory

A

The restorative theory suggests sleep replenishes our bodies and allows us to recharge depleted energy resources.

67
Q

What is the supportive evidence of the restorative theory

A
  • Marathon runners get more NREM sleep (up to 90%),higher promotion of sleep vs REM
  • sleep activates growth and increases immunity
  • cognitive decline occurs with sleep deprivation
68
Q

WHat are the criticisms of the restorative theory

A
  • those who are bed-ridden still experience same proportions of NREM when the brain is active when replenishing
69
Q

What is the evolution theory of sleep

A

Suggests sleep is an evolutionary response to increase chances of survival. which adapts based on the demands of how much food we eat, energy requirements and safety when we sleep.

70
Q

What is the supportive evidence for the evolution theory of sleep

A
  • sleep conserves energy, so hibernation is important when food is scarce in the winter months
  • there is a sequential pattern that demonstrates that the energy requirements on animals and number of predators correlates with sleep requirements
71
Q

What are the criticisms of the evolution theory

A
  • while sleeping animals are vulnerable to predators and it does not explain why humans have so much sleep when we have little predators
72
Q

Summarise sleep over the life SPAN

A

.

73
Q

What is the percentage of REM vs NREM in children, adults, and old age

A

.

74
Q

What are the characteristics f sleep when we get older

A

very little REM sleep and larger proportion of NREM sleep

75
Q

Why does sleep across the lifespan decrease

A
  • Production of growth hormone occurs at night which is relative to the amount of sleep we need
  • Development of circadian rhythms, works on a 24 hour cycle relative to the amount of sleep we need
  • Distribution of NREM and REM sleep is relative to restorative theory
76
Q

Define sleep deprivation

A

Being denied the necessary or desired hours of sleep.

may involve partial or total loss of sleep

77
Q

What are the two types of sleep deprivation

A

total and partial

78
Q

Define partial sleep deprivation

A

is experienced when a person does not get the amount of sleep they need (poor quality sleep) or are deprived of one particular stage of sleep. However there is some sleep in 24 hours.

79
Q

WHat are the emotional effects of partial sleep deprivation

A

mood disturbances
activities seem boring
lack of motivation

80
Q

WHat are the cognitive effects of PSD

A 
Cognitive difficulties 
memory problems
difficulties concentrating
memory problems 
impaired creativity
81
Q

What are the behavioural effects of PSD

A

Behavioural difficulties (slowed performance, clumsiness)
Problems performing tasks
fatigue

82
Q

What are the physiological effects of PSD

A 
slower reflexes
tremours
droopy eyelids
headaches 
low energy
83
Q

Define total sleep deprivation

A

going without sleep for a 24 hour period, for one or several nights

84
Q

Who was Randy Gardener

A

17 year od student who went 11 days without sleep

85
Q

What are the side effects of total sleep deprivation

A

can have serious effects and can lead to death

can cause psychosis

86
Q

What are REM sleep deprivations

A

REM sleep is suggested to be more essential for psychological

87
Q

What are the effects of REM sleep deprivation

A

.

88
Q

What is NREM sleep deprivation

A

.

89
Q

What is a microsleep

A

.

90
Q

What are 4 sleep recovery patterns

A

.

91
Q

What is the BAC equivalent to sleep deprivation

A

.

92
Q

WHat is a circadian phase disorder

A

.

93
Q

What causes circadian phase disorder

A

.

94
Q

What can circadian phase disorder result in

A

.

95
Q

What are lifestyle factors which effect the sleep wake cycle

A

.

96
Q

What are genetic factors which effect the sleep wake cycle

A

.

97
Q

How does jet lag effect the sleep wake cycle

A

.

98
Q

How does adolescence effect the sleep wake cycle

A

.

99
Q

What is sleep onset

A

.

100
Q

WHat is treatment of circadian phase disorders

A

.

101
Q

Define sleep disorder

A

.

102
Q

What are the two types of sleep disorders

A

parasomnias and dysomnias

103
Q

What is a dysomnia and examples

A

.

104
Q

What is a parasomnia and examples

A

.

105
Q

what is sleep onset insomnia

A

.

106
Q

What is the cause of sleep-onset insomnia

A

.

107
Q

How can sleep onset insomnia be treated

A

.

108
Q

Define sleep walking

A

.

109
Q

What are the causes

A

.

110
Q

How can sleep walking be treated

A

.

Psychology 3/4 (8 decks)

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