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Psychology 3/4 > Mental health > Flashcards

Mental health Flashcards

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1
Q

Define mental health

A

mental health is a state of emotional and social wellbeing in which individuals can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and contribute to their community

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2
Q

Define a mental illness

A

mental illness is a mental disorder that effects one or more functions of the mind. A mental illness can interfere with a persons thoughts, emotions, perceptions and behaviours

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3
Q

What is the mental health continuum

A

Healthy: normal functioning
Reacting: common and reversible distress
Injured: persistant functioning impairment
Ill: Clinical disorder, severe functioning impariment

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of a mentally healthy person

A

high levels of functioning: independent and can set goals
social wellbeing: connected and valued
emotional wellbeing : balanced, normal range
resilience to life stressors: capacity to recover from set backs is high

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5
Q

What is a placebo

A

a fake or false drug treatment, aims to reduce the placebo effect

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6
Q

What can be the ethical consideration with using placebos in mental health studies

A
  • could be denying a group the opportunity to be healed
  • Placebo may make patients feel better, but when discovered it was the placebo it can have real negative effects
  • can create a new symptom
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7
Q

What is informed consent

A 
the ethical basis for psychological
treatment or experimentation, requiring
that the subject (or client) is fully aware
of all procedures and their likely and
possible effects, and participates on a
voluntary basis
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8
Q

Why does informed consent need to be taken into consideration when studying mental health

A

.

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9
Q

what are the four factors in mental health disorders

A

predisposing risk factors
precipitating risk factors
perpetuating risk factors
protective risk factors

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10
Q

What are the three risk factors in mental health disorders

A

predisposing risk factors
precipitating risk factors
perpetuating risk factors

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11
Q

What is predisposing risk factors

A

factors which increase vulnerability to developing a mental health problem (genetics, hormones, things that happen before we exist )

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12
Q

what is perpetuating risk factors

A

factors which inhibit recover from a mental health problem (poor health, stigma, lack of resources, lack of social support)

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13
Q

what is precipitating risk factors

A

Factors which trigger the onset or exacerbation of mental health problems (environmental trigger such as tragedy, life event, death, natural disaster)

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14
Q

What are protective factors

A

Factors which prevent the occurrence or reoccurrence of mental health problems (resilience, strong support system, hormonal balance) .

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15
Q

What are the biological risk factors

A

genetic vulnerability, poor response to medication due to genetics, poor sleep, substance use

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16
Q

what is genetic vulnerability

A

genes passed on by our parents so we are more suseptible to developing a mental health problem. This is most common with schizophrenia and depression

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17
Q

what is poor response to medication (pharmagenics)

A

Some patients respond better to the drugs which can help them with health problems than others. This can make it extremely difficult to seek treatment

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18
Q

What is poor sleep

A

Associated with mood and anxiety, progressive bad sleeps can cause or exacerbate a range of disorders

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19
Q

What is substance use

A

Long term substance use can interferer with chemical neurotransmission

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20
Q

What are the psychological risk factors

A

Rumination,
impaired reasoning and memory,
stress,
poor self-efficacy,

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21
Q

What is rumination

A

When people over think or obsess about a situation or life events, this is linked to depression and anxiety

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22
Q

What is impaired reasoning and memory

A

Cognitive problems can contribute to the development and progression of mental disorders because we can not apply reasoning to situation causing emotional instability

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23
Q

What is stress in mental health

A

Chronic and/or acute stress contribute to mental health disorder and can cause a mental health disorder to occur

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24
Q

What is poor self-efficacy in mental health

A

General coping strategies are poor; less likely to seek help and resilience is low

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25
Q

What are social risks in mental health

A

disorganised attachment,
loss of a significant relationship,
stigma

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26
Q

What is disorganised attachment

A

The struggle with relationships, avoidant personality (usually caused by the bond between caregiver and child not established)

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27
Q

What is loss of a significant relationship

A

family friend etc. can make people more vulnerable to a mental disorder through their grief. Social connection is important here, and if it is not given a person can decline

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28
Q

Define stigma

A

A mark of disgrace or distrust that sets someone apart from others

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29
Q

How is stigma a social risk factor

A

It can be a barrier for treatment because people do not want to set apart from others

30
Q

What is the concept of cumulative risk

A

A combination of the bio-psycho-social factors can create a mental health disorder

31
Q

What is the bio-psycho-socil model

A

The idea that three equal factors contribute to our mental health, being biological, psychological and social

32
Q

Define stress

A

stress is a psychological or physiological state of tension and arousal it involves both eustress and distress and is critical for optimal survival

33
Q

Define Anxiety

A

anxiety is a state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of worry or uneasiness that something is wrong or something unpleasant is abut to happen

34
Q

Define Phobia

A

A phobia is a persistent, irrational and intense fear of a particular object, situation or event

35
Q

What are the four stages of the mental health continuum

A

health, reacting, injured, ill

36
Q

what are the different categories of phobia s

A

animals
situations
blood/injections/injuries
Natural environment (dark, height, thunder)

37
Q

What is GABAs role in developing a phobia

A

GABA has a role in maintaining balance in the nervous system. It has a role in inhibiting the F>F>F response. Low levels of GABA can cause agitation and anxiety which can contribute to developing a phobia

38
Q

What is the role of the amygdala and hippocampus in developing a phobia

A

The amygdala is vital in processing and initiating emotional responses and emotional memories. Therefore when someone experiences a frightening event, the reaction to the stimulus is remembered.

this works with the hippocampus: which is vital in forming declarative memories, so it remembered the phobic stimulus and consolidates this fear.

39
Q

What is LTP’s role in developing a phobia

A

The response in reaction to phobic stimulus as it is repeated the neural pathways to respond the particular way are strengthened

40
Q

What is the contributing psychological influences in developing a phobia

A

the behavioural model - classical and operant conditioning

The cognitive model (cognitive bias, memory bias, catastrophic thinking, attention bias)

41
Q

What is classical conditionings role in developing a phobia

A

The precipitation (trigger) specific phobias can be linked to classical conditioning. We develop a phobia of a neutral stimulus because we have been conditioned to associate it with fear (conditioned response)

42
Q

What is operant conditionings role in developing a phobia

A

The perpetuation (inhibit recovery) of the phobia stimulus is caused by operant conditioning through avoiding the stimuli. Avoidance acts as a negative reinforcer as it strengthens the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated.

The feelings of relief could also being a positive reinforcer

43
Q

What is cognitive bias

A

refers to a systematic error in thinking that effects the decision making process and judgement people make. The elements of cognitive bias include memory bias, catastrophic thinking and attention bias

44
Q

What is memory bias

A

where a memory has been encoded inaccurately and influenced by the persons distorted thinking. EVerytime it is remembered it is more intense than it actually wa s

45
Q

what is catastrophic thinking

A

A person ruminates or obsessively thinks about perceived threat which leads to an increased state of anxiety

46
Q

what are the social influences in developing a phobia

A

environmental triggers
parental modelling
transmission of threat information
stigma around treatment

47
Q

what are the 3 environmental triggers

A
  1. direct exposure to distressing or traumatic events
  2. witnessing other people experience the traumatic event
  3. reading or hearing about the dangerous situation
48
Q

What is stigma and how does it influence gaining a phobia

A

people may experience shame or embarrassment and go untreated for years

49
Q

What is evidence based interventions

A

Ways of combating phobias

50
Q

what is benzodiazepine

A

short acting anti-anxiety medication which works selectively on GABA receptors in the brain. It is used as also sedatives and muscle relaxants
TYPES are valium and xanax

51
Q

What are relaxation techniques

A

breathing training

52
Q

what is breathing retraining

A

relacing incorrect breathing techniques with correct ones

53
Q

what is CBTS role in curing phobias

A

Focuses on replacing negative thoughts, feeling and behaviours with good ones. Uses a combination of verbal and behaviour modification

54
Q

whats systematic desensitisation

A

Gradually exposing the phobic stimulus to the patient, while also using relaxation techniques and pairing it with a positive stimulus

55
Q

What is the psychotherapeutic model

A

.

56
Q

What are the social intervention with phobias

A

.

57
Q

What is the placebo effect

A

A change in participant behaviour due to the expectation regarding the treatment they are receiving

58
Q

What is the experimenter effect

A

a change in participant behaviour due to experimenter influence

59
Q

What is a single blind study

A

participants are unaware if they are in the control or experimental group

60
Q

What is a double blind study

A

Participants and researches don’t know which group is controlled or experimental

61
Q

What are the physiological responses associated with anxiety

A

sweating, dizziness, feeling of impending doom

62
Q

Define anxiety disorder

A

a group of disorders that are characterised by chronic feelings of extreme apprehension, fear, stress and unease

63
Q

What are the contributing biological factors in developing a phobia

A

fight/flight/freeze (amygdala and hippocampus)
Long term potentiation
GABA and glutamate
genetic predisposition and vulnerabilities

64
Q

how does is genetic vulnerability/predispotion help develop a phobia

A

biological makeup can lead to genetic vulnerability, for example you can be born with very low levels of GABA, or you could have a genetic makeup which makes you more sensitive to particular things

65
Q

What is the behavioural model as a contributing factor to the development of a phobia

A

The behavioural model approach examines how a persons behaviour is influenced by environmental factors

66
Q

Using the example of a phobia of dentists, what is the process of classical conditioning in developing this phobia

A

before conditioning:
NS (dentist) > No response
UCS (pain from injection) > UCR (fear due to pain from injection)

During conditioning:
NS (dentist) + UCS (pain) = UCR (fear due to the pain from the injection)

After conditioning
CS (visit to the dentist) = CR (fear of the dentist)

67
Q

what is attention bias

A

can worsen phobic situation, as there is an individuals preference for noticing threat. Which can lead to misinterpretation of stimuli (black rug thought of as spider initially)

68
Q

What is parental modelling anyhow can it cause a phobia

A

Observational learning, as children can watch their parents and learn from their actions

69
Q

What is the transmission of threat information

A

Not necessarily observational learning but witnessing something else happen can be received from anything including friends, pictures, media etc.

70
Q

What are the biological interventions to phobias

A

Benzodiazopines and relaxation techniques

71
Q

What are psychological interventions for phobias

A

CBT and systematic desensitisation

72
Q

What are social interventions for phobias

A

Psychoeducation for families

Psychology 3/4 (8 decks)

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