UNIT 3 - Fluid and Electrolytes and Elimination Flashcards
what is one of the biggest perfusion issues that can cause an AKI?
dehydration
how many liters of blood is filtered through the kidneys everyday?
200
excretion of waste products, drugs, and toxins as well as removing excess water from the body.
excretory functions
what is the minimum and maximum output of waste should an adult put out per hour?
0.5-1 mg/hr
what is the minimum and maximum output of waste should a child put out per hour?
1 mg/kg/hr
what is the minimum and maximum output of waste should an infant put out per hour?
2 mg/kg/hr
- erythopoietin production (stimulates RBC creation in bone marrow)
- vitamin D activation (calcium is needed in order to work)
- prostaglandin, bradykinins (major potent vasodilators.)
hormonal function of the kidneys
regulates blood pressure and blood volume (renin) blood pressure will go up without renin.
regulatory functions
protects against infection
renal capsule
hypertonic to filtrate
-aids in re-absorption of of H20
renal medulla
afferent arterioles
going into the glomerulus
efferent arterioles
going away from the glomerulus
functional unit of the kidney.
- 1.2 million in each kidney
nephron
manages BP, especially when the BP is low.
RAAS
mannitol is used for _____ typically. increases the risk of acute kidney injury
ICP
maintains Ca and phosphate homeostasis. stored in fat. kidneys activate vitamin ___, which increases calcium from GI tract.
vitamin D metabolism
stimulates bone marrow to make RBC. initiates synthesis of hemeglobin. there is a need for this to be made when oxygen levels are low
erythopoietin
if the blood pressure is _____ then the production of prostaglandins ____ in order to ____ the BP
increased; increased; lower
determines how much blood goes through the glomerulus.
afferent arterioles
average GFR rate is ____
greater than ___ is best.
125 mL/min
90 mL/min
acid base balance occurs. K and hydrogen ions secreted into filtrate.
tubular secretion
when the BP is between ___-____ the GFR is not effective
65 to 75
glucose greater than ____ shows up in the urine
220
produces hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, BP, and response to stress.
adrenal cortex
located on top of both kidneys
adrenal gland and cortex
- ensures that there’s not too much or too little water in the body.
- makes sure that the pressure isn’t too high or too low
- gets rid of urea, uric acid, toxins, and other wastes via urine
- activates vitamin D in the bones, which helps the body absorb calcium
- makes sure that the body isn’t too acidic or alkaline
- maintains a balance of electrolytes (like K, Na, and Ca) which is critical for heart rhythm.
what a kidney does
blood before it gets to the kidneys
pre-renal
what is an intrinsic or intra-renal cause to a AKI?
trauma and medications
what is a post renal cause of AKI?
urine flow obstruction (kidney stone, prosteric hypertrophy)
- use a Kudai catheter
buildup of nirogren
azotemia
buildup of urea in blood
uremia
increased ____ means that uremia and azotemia is occurring.
BUN
