unit 3 exam quizziz Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
the stapedius muscle reflex protects auditory system against
A
intense sounds
2
Q
stapes connects to _____ and _______
A
oval window and incus
3
Q
damaging scalia media would affect
A
organ of corti
4
Q
outer hair cells _________ and ___________
A
fine tune organ of corti and help discriminate frequencies
5
Q
95% afferent carry info from ______ to _______
A
inner hair cells to brain
6
Q
music through left speaker stimulates ________ and ________
A
right inferior colliculus and medial geniculate nucleus
7
Q
_________ __________ differentiates between speech and non-speech
A
auditory cortex
8
Q
cortical processing of “where” accomplished by
A
dorsal stream of processing involving parietal
9
Q
dampens auditory sensations by restricting movement of tympanic membrane
A
fluid build up
10
Q
what 2 structures protect from loud noises
A
tensori tympani and stapedius
11
Q
most important factor for adaptation to light intensity
A
availability of Ca ions
12
Q
best way to see a dim star is to look for it ___________ in your visual field
A
slightly off center (FOVEA ONLY HAS CONES (color) - RODS ARE LIGHT RECEPTORS)
13
Q
problem if damage to superior colliculi
A
you would no longer be able to orient your gaze to see an object
14
Q
sequence of route for visual info
A
optic nerve —> optic tract —> optic radiations
15
Q
damage to nasal retinal ganglion cell axons from both eyes would = scotoma to
A
left and right visual fields (you’d lose extreme parts of both visual fields)
16
Q
process that enhances
A
lateral inhibition
17
Q
inhibitor of NT ________ causes pupil to _______
A
acetylcholine; dilate
18
Q
phototransduction
A
light —> neural signals
19
Q
damage to _____ results in loss of ability to detect illusory contours
A
V2
20
Q
parvocellular part of primate LGN consists of
A
4 outer layers
21
Q
ocular dominance, color, location in vision field all represented in
A
primary visual cortex (V1)
22
Q
V4 has cells that respond to
A
concentric and radial stimuli
23
Q
in V5, cells sensitive to _______ but not to _______
A
movement but not to wavelength
24
Q
V1 =
A
striate cortex
25
1st place in visual system where info from left and right eye is shared
primary visual cortex / striate cortex
26
extrastriate cortex =
V2, V3, V4, V5
27
V2 is for
illusory contours and borders
28
V4 is for
concentric and radial, color
29
V5 is for
AKA MT, for movement, akinetopsia
30
akinetopsia
can’t see movement
31
parts of LGN
magnacellular, parvocellular, koniocellular
32
inner 2 layers of LGN
magnacellular
33
outer 4 layers of LGN for red and green colors
parvocellular
34
sun layers of LGN for blue and yellow color
koniocellular
35
*go to photos and look at color picture*
correctly label a, b, c, d
a: s cones, b: rods, c: m cones, d: l cones
36
*go to photos and look at graph pic*
which one is +(L+M) /-S spectrally opponent cell
graph c
37
twice as many ___ receptors than ____ receptors, and far fewer _____ receptors
L, M, S
38
dorsal stream of processing = _____
ventral stream of processing = _____
where, what
39
damage to V5 area would mean
no motion of rollercoaster
40
focal point in front of retina —>
myopia - eyeball is too long
41
myopia more common since public schooling suggests that
it’s quality of indoor lighting increases myopia
42
truth about visual deficiencies
loss of retinal pigmented epithelium in fovea leads to blurry, but seeable, for macular degeneration
43
______ chromosome with genes for M and L cones that makes color blindness more prevalent in ______
X; men
44
informs a motor program about how execution of movement is going
feedback from movement and motor program
45
movement control systems have a tradeoff between
speed and accuracy
46
system with preprogrammed activity
open loop control mechanisms
47
do open loop systems have control signal occur after error is detected?
NO
48
do slow twitch muscle fibers rapidly fatigue?
NO
49
high innervation ratio characterizes control of _____ movement
coarse
50
motor unit =
single motor axon and all axon fibers it innervates
51
fibers within muscle spindle =
intrafusal fibers
52
which fibers detect stretch
intrafusal fibers
53
bungarotoxins effect go block contraction of muscles necessary for breathing
blocks ACh receptors
54
golgi tendon organs report ______ ________
muscle contraction
55
activated by stretch of muscle
muscle spindles
56
secondary sensory endings of muscle spindles maximally responsive to
maintained muscle length
57
primary endings =
annulospinal
58
secondary endings =
flower-spray
59
muscle spindle tension regulated by
gamma efferents
60
how do gamma efferents regulate muscle spindle tension
contract to stay matched to length of muscle
61
the ________ or _________ of spinal reflexes modulated by decreased projections from brain
inhibition or facilitation
62
endogenous rhythmic movements generated by
central pattern generators
63
polioviruses destroy
motoneurons
64
steps of place coding in ear
1) sound funneled into ear canal by pinna
2) sound travels down to TM
3) TM vibrates ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
4) ossicles push on oval window, then sound reaches cochlea
5) shearing of basilar membrane and text oral plate opens up IHCs, then sodium can rush in
6) place coding - brains knows frequency because of where sound is located on basilar membrane (like labelled lines) apex is flexible and low, base is tight and high
7) when OHCs? when sound is loud
65
what is involved with organ of corti
anything involved in sensorineural transduction
- basilar membrane, tectoral plate, IHCs, OHCs
66
general loudness of sound
amplitude
67
experience or perception of sound
volume and pitch
68
high frequency has short or long wavelength
short
69
stimulation at a specific spot, to go to specific place, to do specific thing
labelled lines
70
auditory pathway
cochlea —> 8 —> CN —> SON —> IC —> MGN —> A1 —> A…
71
where is decussation in the auditory pathway
after cochlear nucleus
72
temporal coding vs place coding (write one sentence about each point for essay question)
temporal:
1) # of action potentials = your experience of pitch
2) very accurate - within 1-2 Hz
3) range is 20-4000 Hz
4) volley principle - multiple cells work together and fire in sequence because of phase locking (lock into position based on their threshold
place:
1) location on basilar membrane = your experience of pitch
2) tonotopic map (labelled lines) with basilar membrane
3) general accuracy (within 10-20 Hz) but big range
4) range is 20-16000 Hz
73
tonotopic map
different tones are mapped topically
74
temporal coding
looks at how many IHCs are stimulated across time. IHCs fire action potentials one at a time, like the volley principle which derives from the war when people with muskets would shoot and reload while others were shooting so they were ready to fire when the other needed to reload.
75
ITDS vs IIDS
brain determines where thing is based on differences across time and differences with amplitude
76
ITDs
onset disparity, continuing disparity, better for low Hz (longer wavelength and peaks are farther apart making it easier to track continuing disparity)
77
IIDs
sound shadow cast by high Hz bouncing off things, high frequency sounds better (aerial perspective - waves get dispersed and hit objects as they travel and they lose intensity, so they are more intense on side it’s coming from)
78
onset disparity
difference between the action potentials at right and left ear depending on which side sound is closer to
79
continuing disparity
checking to see if the location of the sound has moved (now closer to left side than right side)
80
non primary motor areas most active while
rehearsing a movement without executing it
81
mirror neuron active when
making a particular movement and watching someone else do a particular movement
82
mental rehearsal of a motor task in humans is associated with
increased blood flow in SMA
83
SMA is for
stuff you’ve done a lot and are familiar with
84
externally guided motor sequences
pre motor cortex
85
cerebellar activity: __________ and basal ganglia activity: ___________
SMA; M1
86
large cerebellums
complex motor behavior
87
basal ganglia
striatum and globus pallidus
88
striatum consists of
caudate nucleus and putamen
89
sensory inputs to cerebellum derived from
ALL sensory systems
90
responsible for ability to track visual objects as the head moves
vestibulocerebellum
91
damage to what results in decomposition of movement
cerebellum
92
pathological change associated with Parkinson’s disease
death of neurons in substantia nigra
93
not a symptom of parkinson’s?
sudden flinging movements of arms (huntingtons)
94
L-dopa can reverse some symptoms of
Parkinson’s
95
Alzheimer’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and Parkinson’s are similar in that they are
associated with buildup of misfolded proteins
96
huntington’s disease transmitted by
single dominant gene
97
which part of brain circuitry is associated with tactics
M1
98
which part of brain circuitry is associated with strategy
prefrontal cortex and SMA and PMA
99
dark phase steps
1) retinol stays curved because no photon has come
2) G-protein not activated
3) PDE not activated
4) CGMP binds to receptor
5) gates open
6) depolarization as sodium rushes in
7) release of NTs
100
light phase steps
1) retinol straighten (photon comes)
2) G-protein is activated and alpha subunit detached
3) alpha subunit activates PDE
4) CGMP turned to GMP by PDE
5) gates stay closed
6) Na can’t come in, but K keeps leaving and cell hyperpolarizes
7) no NT release
101
rhodopsin =
retinal and opsin
102
stapedius muscle connects…
oval window to stapes
103
damage to scala media =
damage to organ of corti
104
OHCs and IHCs… which one efferent and afferent
OHCs = efferent
IHCs = afferent
105
sound in left ear comes from
after cochlear nucleus, mostly oppo side
106
is there difference between speech and non-speech sounds
yes
107
PTC
tasters or super tasters
108
blocked metabotropic receptors for taste
no umami, sweet, bitter
109
blocked ionotropic receptors for taste
no salty or sour
110
how many different receptors genes in genome
1000, 400 expressed
111
gustducin in lungs =
helps immune system responses to microbes
112
respond with olfactory system instead of
vomeronasal
113
static head =
nutricle and saccule
114
up and down =
autolith organs
115
angular =
semicircular canals
116
taste pathway
taste cells —> 7,9,10 —> NST —> VPN —> insula —> OFC
117
olfactory pathway
ORNs —> olfactory bulb —> mitral cells —> olfactory tract —> hippocampus/amygdala —> hypothalamus —> pre pyriform cortex —> OFC
118
NT causing pupil to contract =
ACh
119
want pupil to dilate =
block ACh
120
periphery of visual field monitored by …
nasal retinas
121
enhances boundaries
lateral inhibition
122
layers 1-2 of cortex =
magnacellular
123
conduction deafness
problem with outer ear so sound can’t be transmitted to cochlea
124
sensorineural deafness
problem with cochlea or its neural projections that interested with transduction of mechanical sound energy to action potentials brain can understand
125
central deafness
lesions of auditory regions of brain
126
amblyopia
acuity is poor in one eye even though they are normal
