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neurobio > unit 3 exam quizziz > Flashcards

unit 3 exam quizziz Flashcards

1
Q

the stapedius muscle reflex protects auditory system against

A

intense sounds

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2
Q

stapes connects to _____ and _______

A

oval window and incus

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3
Q

damaging scalia media would affect

A

organ of corti

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4
Q

outer hair cells _________ and ___________

A

fine tune organ of corti and help discriminate frequencies

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5
Q

95% afferent carry info from ______ to _______

A

inner hair cells to brain

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6
Q

music through left speaker stimulates ________ and ________

A

right inferior colliculus and medial geniculate nucleus

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7
Q

_________ __________ differentiates between speech and non-speech

A

auditory cortex

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8
Q

cortical processing of “where” accomplished by

A

dorsal stream of processing involving parietal

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9
Q

dampens auditory sensations by restricting movement of tympanic membrane

A

fluid build up

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10
Q

what 2 structures protect from loud noises

A

tensori tympani and stapedius

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11
Q

most important factor for adaptation to light intensity

A

availability of Ca ions

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12
Q

best way to see a dim star is to look for it ___________ in your visual field

A

slightly off center (FOVEA ONLY HAS CONES (color) - RODS ARE LIGHT RECEPTORS)

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13
Q

problem if damage to superior colliculi

A

you would no longer be able to orient your gaze to see an object

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14
Q

sequence of route for visual info

A

optic nerve —> optic tract —> optic radiations

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15
Q

damage to nasal retinal ganglion cell axons from both eyes would = scotoma to

A

left and right visual fields (you’d lose extreme parts of both visual fields)

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16
Q

process that enhances

A

lateral inhibition

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17
Q

inhibitor of NT ________ causes pupil to _______

A

acetylcholine; dilate

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18
Q

phototransduction

A

light —> neural signals

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19
Q

damage to _____ results in loss of ability to detect illusory contours

A

V2

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20
Q

parvocellular part of primate LGN consists of

A

4 outer layers

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21
Q

ocular dominance, color, location in vision field all represented in

A

primary visual cortex (V1)

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22
Q

V4 has cells that respond to

A

concentric and radial stimuli

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23
Q

in V5, cells sensitive to _______ but not to _______

A

movement but not to wavelength

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24
Q

V1 =

A

striate cortex

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25
Q

1st place in visual system where info from left and right eye is shared

A

primary visual cortex / striate cortex

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26
Q

extrastriate cortex =

A

V2, V3, V4, V5

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27
Q

V2 is for

A

illusory contours and borders

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28
Q

V4 is for

A

concentric and radial, color

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29
Q

V5 is for

A

AKA MT, for movement, akinetopsia

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30
Q

akinetopsia

A

can’t see movement

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31
Q

parts of LGN

A

magnacellular, parvocellular, koniocellular

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32
Q

inner 2 layers of LGN

A

magnacellular

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33
Q

outer 4 layers of LGN for red and green colors

A

parvocellular

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34
Q

sun layers of LGN for blue and yellow color

A

koniocellular

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35
Q

go to photos and look at color picture
correctly label a, b, c, d

A

a: s cones, b: rods, c: m cones, d: l cones

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36
Q

go to photos and look at graph pic
which one is +(L+M) /-S spectrally opponent cell

A

graph c

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37
Q

twice as many ___ receptors than ____ receptors, and far fewer _____ receptors

A

L, M, S

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38
Q

dorsal stream of processing = _____
ventral stream of processing = _____

A

where, what

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39
Q

damage to V5 area would mean

A

no motion of rollercoaster

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40
Q

focal point in front of retina —>

A

myopia - eyeball is too long

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41
Q

myopia more common since public schooling suggests that

A

it’s quality of indoor lighting increases myopia

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42
Q

truth about visual deficiencies

A

loss of retinal pigmented epithelium in fovea leads to blurry, but seeable, for macular degeneration

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43
Q

______ chromosome with genes for M and L cones that makes color blindness more prevalent in ______

A

X; men

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44
Q

informs a motor program about how execution of movement is going

A

feedback from movement and motor program

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45
Q

movement control systems have a tradeoff between

A

speed and accuracy

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46
Q

system with preprogrammed activity

A

open loop control mechanisms

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47
Q

do open loop systems have control signal occur after error is detected?

A

NO

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48
Q

do slow twitch muscle fibers rapidly fatigue?

A

NO

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49
Q

high innervation ratio characterizes control of _____ movement

A

coarse

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50
Q

motor unit =

A

single motor axon and all axon fibers it innervates

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51
Q

fibers within muscle spindle =

A

intrafusal fibers

52
Q

which fibers detect stretch

A

intrafusal fibers

53
Q

bungarotoxins effect go block contraction of muscles necessary for breathing

A

blocks ACh receptors

54
Q

golgi tendon organs report ______ ________

A

muscle contraction

55
Q

activated by stretch of muscle

A

muscle spindles

56
Q

secondary sensory endings of muscle spindles maximally responsive to

A

maintained muscle length

57
Q

primary endings =

A

annulospinal

58
Q

secondary endings =

A

flower-spray

59
Q

muscle spindle tension regulated by

A

gamma efferents

60
Q

how do gamma efferents regulate muscle spindle tension

A

contract to stay matched to length of muscle

61
Q

the ________ or _________ of spinal reflexes modulated by decreased projections from brain

A

inhibition or facilitation

62
Q

endogenous rhythmic movements generated by

A

central pattern generators

63
Q

polioviruses destroy

A

motoneurons

64
Q

steps of place coding in ear

A

1) sound funneled into ear canal by pinna
2) sound travels down to TM
3) TM vibrates ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
4) ossicles push on oval window, then sound reaches cochlea
5) shearing of basilar membrane and text oral plate opens up IHCs, then sodium can rush in
6) place coding - brains knows frequency because of where sound is located on basilar membrane (like labelled lines) apex is flexible and low, base is tight and high
7) when OHCs? when sound is loud

65
Q

what is involved with organ of corti

A

anything involved in sensorineural transduction
- basilar membrane, tectoral plate, IHCs, OHCs

66
Q

general loudness of sound

A

amplitude

67
Q

experience or perception of sound

A

volume and pitch

68
Q

high frequency has short or long wavelength

A

short

69
Q

stimulation at a specific spot, to go to specific place, to do specific thing

A

labelled lines

70
Q

auditory pathway

A

cochlea —> 8 —> CN —> SON —> IC —> MGN —> A1 —> A…

71
Q

where is decussation in the auditory pathway

A

after cochlear nucleus

72
Q

temporal coding vs place coding (write one sentence about each point for essay question)

A

temporal:
1) # of action potentials = your experience of pitch
2) very accurate - within 1-2 Hz
3) range is 20-4000 Hz
4) volley principle - multiple cells work together and fire in sequence because of phase locking (lock into position based on their threshold

place:
1) location on basilar membrane = your experience of pitch
2) tonotopic map (labelled lines) with basilar membrane
3) general accuracy (within 10-20 Hz) but big range
4) range is 20-16000 Hz

73
Q

tonotopic map

A

different tones are mapped topically

74
Q

temporal coding

A

looks at how many IHCs are stimulated across time. IHCs fire action potentials one at a time, like the volley principle which derives from the war when people with muskets would shoot and reload while others were shooting so they were ready to fire when the other needed to reload.

75
Q

ITDS vs IIDS

A

brain determines where thing is based on differences across time and differences with amplitude

76
Q

ITDs

A

onset disparity, continuing disparity, better for low Hz (longer wavelength and peaks are farther apart making it easier to track continuing disparity)

77
Q

IIDs

A

sound shadow cast by high Hz bouncing off things, high frequency sounds better (aerial perspective - waves get dispersed and hit objects as they travel and they lose intensity, so they are more intense on side it’s coming from)

78
Q

onset disparity

A

difference between the action potentials at right and left ear depending on which side sound is closer to

79
Q

continuing disparity

A

checking to see if the location of the sound has moved (now closer to left side than right side)

80
Q

non primary motor areas most active while

A

rehearsing a movement without executing it

81
Q

mirror neuron active when

A

making a particular movement and watching someone else do a particular movement

82
Q

mental rehearsal of a motor task in humans is associated with

A

increased blood flow in SMA

83
Q

SMA is for

A

stuff you’ve done a lot and are familiar with

84
Q

externally guided motor sequences

A

pre motor cortex

85
Q

cerebellar activity: __________ and basal ganglia activity: ___________

A

SMA; M1

86
Q

large cerebellums

A

complex motor behavior

87
Q

basal ganglia

A

striatum and globus pallidus

88
Q

striatum consists of

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

89
Q

sensory inputs to cerebellum derived from

A

ALL sensory systems

90
Q

responsible for ability to track visual objects as the head moves

A

vestibulocerebellum

91
Q

damage to what results in decomposition of movement

A

cerebellum

92
Q

pathological change associated with Parkinson’s disease

A

death of neurons in substantia nigra

93
Q

not a symptom of parkinson’s?

A

sudden flinging movements of arms (huntingtons)

94
Q

L-dopa can reverse some symptoms of

A

Parkinson’s

95
Q

Alzheimer’s, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and Parkinson’s are similar in that they are

A

associated with buildup of misfolded proteins

96
Q

huntington’s disease transmitted by

A

single dominant gene

97
Q

which part of brain circuitry is associated with tactics

A

M1

98
Q

which part of brain circuitry is associated with strategy

A

prefrontal cortex and SMA and PMA

99
Q

dark phase steps

A

1) retinol stays curved because no photon has come
2) G-protein not activated
3) PDE not activated
4) CGMP binds to receptor
5) gates open
6) depolarization as sodium rushes in
7) release of NTs

100
Q

light phase steps

A

1) retinol straighten (photon comes)
2) G-protein is activated and alpha subunit detached
3) alpha subunit activates PDE
4) CGMP turned to GMP by PDE
5) gates stay closed
6) Na can’t come in, but K keeps leaving and cell hyperpolarizes
7) no NT release

101
Q

rhodopsin =

A

retinal and opsin

102
Q

stapedius muscle connects…

A

oval window to stapes

103
Q

damage to scala media =

A

damage to organ of corti

104
Q

OHCs and IHCs… which one efferent and afferent

A

OHCs = efferent
IHCs = afferent

105
Q

sound in left ear comes from

A

after cochlear nucleus, mostly oppo side

106
Q

is there difference between speech and non-speech sounds

A

yes

107
Q

PTC

A

tasters or super tasters

108
Q

blocked metabotropic receptors for taste

A

no umami, sweet, bitter

109
Q

blocked ionotropic receptors for taste

A

no salty or sour

110
Q

how many different receptors genes in genome

A

1000, 400 expressed

111
Q

gustducin in lungs =

A

helps immune system responses to microbes

112
Q

respond with olfactory system instead of

A

vomeronasal

113
Q

static head =

A

nutricle and saccule

114
Q

up and down =

A

autolith organs

115
Q

angular =

A

semicircular canals

116
Q

taste pathway

A

taste cells —> 7,9,10 —> NST —> VPN —> insula —> OFC

117
Q

olfactory pathway

A

ORNs —> olfactory bulb —> mitral cells —> olfactory tract —> hippocampus/amygdala —> hypothalamus —> pre pyriform cortex —> OFC

118
Q

NT causing pupil to contract =

A

ACh

119
Q

want pupil to dilate =

A

block ACh

120
Q

periphery of visual field monitored by …

A

nasal retinas

121
Q

enhances boundaries

A

lateral inhibition

122
Q

layers 1-2 of cortex =

A

magnacellular

123
Q

conduction deafness

A

problem with outer ear so sound can’t be transmitted to cochlea

124
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

problem with cochlea or its neural projections that interested with transduction of mechanical sound energy to action potentials brain can understand

125
Q

central deafness

A

lesions of auditory regions of brain

126
Q

amblyopia

A

acuity is poor in one eye even though they are normal

neurobio (6 decks)

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