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neurobio > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

source of insulin

A

beta islet cells of pancreas

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2
Q

insulin’s signal

A

provides arcuate appetite controller info about blood glucose levels

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3
Q

source of leptin

A

fat cells

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4
Q

leptin signals

A

current long-term energy stores (in fat)

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5
Q

ghrelin source

A

cells of stomach and duodenum

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6
Q

ghrelin signals

A

fasting signal that tells arcuate that digestive system is empty, so increase appetite

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7
Q

PYY source

A

cells of ileum and colon

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8
Q

PYY signal

A

rapid signal that food has been consumed, arcuate nucleus can suppress appetite

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9
Q

GLP source

A

cells of ileum and colon

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10
Q

GLP signals

A

counters ghrelin and suppresses appetite via actions on POMC neurons and nucleus of the solitary tract

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11
Q

CCK source

A

cells of duodenum

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12
Q

CCK signals

A

suppresses appetite via direct action on vagus nerve

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13
Q

AgRP increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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14
Q

beta-endorphin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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15
Q

corticosterone/cortisol increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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16
Q

dopamine increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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17
Q

dynorphin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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18
Q

endocannabanoids increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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19
Q

ghrelin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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20
Q

melanin-contrasting hormone increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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21
Q

NPY increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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22
Q

NE increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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23
Q

orexin/hypocretin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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24
Q

testosterone increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

increases

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25
Q

alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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26
Q

BDNF increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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27
Q

CCK increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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28
Q

CART increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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29
Q

CRH increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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30
Q

estrogens increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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31
Q

GLP-1 increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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32
Q

histamine increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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33
Q

insulin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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34
Q

leptin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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35
Q

nesfatin-1 increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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36
Q

oxyntomodulin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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37
Q

PYY increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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38
Q

serotonin increases or decreases feeding and weight gain

A

decreases

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39
Q

endophenotype

A

behavioral or physical characteristics that accompany an inherited susceptibility to a disorder

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40
Q

abnormal parts of brain with schizophrenia

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • smaller hippocampus
  • abnormal limbic system
  • abnormal cingulate cortex
  • thicker corpus callosum
  • loss of gray matter
  • hypofrontality
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41
Q

neurochemical and schizo

A
  • excess Da
  • amphetamine abuse
  • Da agonists - psychomimetics
  • glutamate hypothesis
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42
Q

how’d they find an excess of dopamine with schizophrenia

A

chlorpromazine successfully blocked D2 receptors

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43
Q

unipolar depression

A

depression without mania

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44
Q

most prevalent mood disorder

A

depression

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45
Q

brain and depression

A
  • increased blood flow in PFC, amygdala
  • decreased blood flow in parietal and posterior temporal cortex and anterior cingulate
  • decreased hippocampal volume
  • gray matter in right hemisphere thinner
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46
Q

abnormally high levels of glucocorticoids =

A

prone to depression (cushing’s syndrome)

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47
Q

dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis =

A

prone to depression

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48
Q

dexamethasone suppression test reveals tendency to release excess ______ with depression

A

cortisol

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49
Q

depressed people drop in REM _____

A

earlier

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50
Q

mania treated with

A

lithium

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51
Q

mania is

A

overactive and unregulated thinking

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52
Q

giving antidepressants to someone with bipolar can lead to ______

A

manic episode

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53
Q

treatments for anxiety disorders

A

benzodiazepines, alcohol, opiates, antidepressants, barbiturates, BuSpar

54
Q

PTSD is associated with this brain change

A

decreased volume of hippocampus

55
Q

OCD associated with this brain change

A

higher metabolic rates in OFC, cingulate cortex, caudate nuclei

56
Q

tourette’s syndrome related to which NT

A

dopamine

57
Q

difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia

A

retrograde affects memories before, anterograde affects memories after

58
Q

brain damage NOT associated with an inability to form declarative memories

A

damage to anterior cerebral cortex

59
Q

alcoholic has memory problems (no damage to medial temporal lobes) and patient claims he hit his head on mission to jupiter.. damage to the :

A

basal frontal lobes, mammillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus

60
Q

inability to retrieve memories of events like KC is damage to

A

cortex

61
Q

true statement about memory

A

instrumental conditioning is a type of non declarative memory

62
Q

instrumental conditioning AKA

A

operant conditioning

63
Q

entorhinal neurons that fire selectively when animal crosses intersection points of an abstract map of local environment are _______ cells

A

grid

64
Q

3 kinds of spatial cels

A

grid, border, place

65
Q

sensorimotor skills, perceptual skills, and cognitive skills are all impaired by lesions that include the

A

basal ganglia

66
Q

why familiar drives with no memory of drive after?

A

what you saw was stored in sensory buffers

67
Q

medial temporal system doesn’t appear to be needed for

A

STM

68
Q

medial temporal system really important for

A

declarative memory

69
Q

working memory for visual object recognition related to

A

extrastriate visual cortex

70
Q

what type of memory is amygdala directly involved in

A

fear conditioning

71
Q

what type of memory is basal ganglia directly involved in?

A

skill learning

72
Q

what type of learning is hippocampus directly involved in?

A

spatial location

73
Q

what type of learning is cerebellum involved i ?

A

eye-lid conditioning

74
Q

birds that have to remember locations of large food caches have larger _________ than other birds

A

hippocampi (they’re good at spatial memory)

75
Q

which part of brain needed for STM?

A

dorsolateral PFC

76
Q

conceptual priming associated with the

A

left frontal cortex

77
Q

other priming (non-declarative, not word-based) associated with

A

perirhinal cortex and hippocampus

78
Q

declarative memory

A

episodic, semantic, “say it”

79
Q

non-declarative memory

A

“do it” or “show it”

80
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations and delusions

81
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

cognitive impairments, social withdrawal, loss of facial expression, loss of emotion

82
Q

genetic factors with schizophrenia

A

50% concordance rate

83
Q

environmental factors with schizophrenia

A

city, high stress, emerging adulthood, infection in mother while in utero

84
Q

hypofrontality

A

low activity in frontal lobe

85
Q

why hypofrontality

A

NMDA receptor is most active here, so we assume lower glutamate activity

86
Q

thorazine actions

A

decreases positive symptoms of schizophrenia as D2 antagonist

87
Q

amphetamine psychosis

A

amphetamines increase D2, so antipsychotics decreases this

88
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

elaborate, uncontrollable moments as a result of long-term antipsychotic use

89
Q

1st gen antipsychotics

A

thorazine, haloperidol

90
Q

2nd gen antipsychotics

A

clozapine

91
Q

lobotomy in a bottle

A

thorazine (chlorpromazine)

92
Q

PCP is associated with

A

glutamate hypothesis s

93
Q

what produces +/- symptoms, blocks NMDA receptors by disallowing Ca2+ and results in schizophrenia without dopamine problems

A

PCP

94
Q

symptoms of depression

A

loss of interest in things you used to love, loss of energy/motivation, new relationship with food or hobbies

95
Q

genetics and depression

A

big component, high heritability but environmental factors too, polygenic

96
Q

depression and relationships with suicide

A

correlating symptoms but depressed people who commit suicide are unlikely to try again if intervened

97
Q

what does it mean that depression is associated with overactive PFC and amygdala

A

engaging emotions more than needed, increased neuroticism in decision making

98
Q

depression meds from least selective to most selective

A

MAOIs - target MAO and increase MAs
Tricyclics - stop reuptake of NE, Da, and 5HT
SNRIs - stop reuptake of 5HT and Ne
SSRIs - stop reuptake of 5HT

99
Q

most modern depression med

A

SNRIs

100
Q

treatments for depression

A

ECT, rTMS, DBS, vagal nerve stimulation

101
Q

which depression treatment resets the brain

A

ECT and rTMS

102
Q

does DBS have any effect

A

no

103
Q

is vagal nerve stimulation effective

A

No

104
Q

which treatment is for recalcitrant depression, and uses large-scale shocks to invoke big seizures

A

ECT

105
Q

what’s best treatment for depression

A

meds and CBT

106
Q

memory shortest to longest

A

1) sensory buffer
2) working memory
3) STM

107
Q

what is difference between intermediate-term memory and STM

A

ITM lasts a little longer

108
Q

what are some things apart of working memory

A

1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketch pad
3) episodic buffer
4) executive control

109
Q

where does consolidation happen

A

medial temporal lobe

110
Q

where does encoding happen

A

left PFC and parahippocampal cortex

111
Q

where is LTM

A

cortex

112
Q

what results in greater loss of information

A
  1. stressed
  2. emotions
113
Q

with encoding, which hemisphere is for language

A

left

114
Q

with encoding, which hemisphere is for spatial

A

right

115
Q

sensory buffers AKA

A

iconic memory

116
Q

what hormones reinforce memory formation

A

adrenals, stress hormones

117
Q

treatments that ________ may decrease effect of emotion on memories

A

block NTs acting on basolateral amygdala

118
Q

what did hebb believe

A

memory is a group of neurons that are easily activated AKA cell assemblies

119
Q

term for how fast a neuron will fire

A

tetanus

120
Q

what activates protein kinases and increases sensitivity to glutamate

A

Ca2+

121
Q

what happens when strong synapse activates at same time as weak one

A

depolarization

122
Q

glutamate: _____ and AMPA: ______

A

excitatory; inhibitory

123
Q

which cells most likely to cause cancer

A

glial cells

124
Q

increased cortical thickness with enriched experience is due to increased

A

branching of dendrites

125
Q

synaptic plasticity in eye-blink conditioning most likely occurs in

A

interpositus nucleus

126
Q

fear conditioning with mice

A

mice in A would show fear response when DG exposed to yellow light

127
Q

LTP on drugs that inhibit protein synthesis suggests that protein synthesis is

A

involved in long-lasting LTP

128
Q

in formation of LTP, Ca2+ ions entry into neurons ______, which are enzymes that ______ activity of intracellular proteins

A

protein kinases; alter

129
Q

memory tasks which show detriments with aging

A

tasks that rely primarily on internal cues or generation

130
Q

NMDA receptors induce LTP

A

only if Mg2+ ions move

131
Q

adult mice living in enriched conditions produce new neurons in

A

hippocampus

neurobio (6 decks)

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