chap 2 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
bundles of axons
A
nerves
2
Q
nervous system throughout the body
A
peripheral
3
Q
brain and spinal cord
A
central nervous system
4
Q
two types of nerves in PNS
A
motor and sensory
5
Q
nerves that transmit info from spinal cord and brain to muscles, organs, and gladns
A
motor nerves
6
Q
nerves activated by sensory surfaces to convey info from body to brain and spinal cord
A
sensory nerves
7
Q
two systems of the body nerves
A
somatic and autonomic
8
Q
nerves that connect brain and major muscles and sensory systems
A
somatic nervous system
9
Q
nerves that control the internal organs (viscera)
A
autonomic nervous system
10
Q
main pathway for brain to control movement and receive sensory info from body and sensory organs
A
somatic nervous system
11
Q
two groups of the somatic nervous system
A
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
12
Q
how many cranial nerves
A
12
13
Q
nerves that serve the sensory and motor systems of head and neck
A
cranial
14
Q
olfactory (I) sensory function
A
smell
15
Q
optic (II) sensory function
A
vision
16
Q
vestibulocochlear (VIII) sensory function
A
hearing and balance
17
Q
oculomotor (III) motor function
A
innervates muscles to move the eye
18
Q
trochlear (IV) motor function
A
innervates muscles to move eye
19
Q
abducens (VI) motor function
A
innervates muscles to move eye
20
Q
spinal accessory (XI) motor function
A
control neck muscles
21
Q
hypoglossal (XII) motor function
A
control tongue
22
Q
facial (VII) motor function
A
facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands
23
Q
trigeminal (V) sensory function
A
face, sinuses, teeth
24
Q
trigeminal (V) motor function
A
jaw muscles
25
facial (VII) sensory function
tongue, soft palate
26
glossopharyngeal (IX) sensory function
taste and other mouth sensations
27
glossopharyngeal (IX) motor function
throat muscles
28
vagus (X) sensory function
information from internal organs
29
vagus (X) motor function
internal organs
30
three cranial nerves with only sensory functions
olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear
31
five cranial nerves with only motor functions
trochlear, abducens, oculomotor, spinal accessory, hypoglossal
32
how many spinal nerves
31
33
distinct branches of spinal nerve that are fused together
roots
34
this root of spinal nerve consists of sensory projections from body to spinal cord
dorsal (back)
35
this root of spinal nerve consists of motor projections from spinal cord to muscles
ventral (front)
36
three membrane layers surrounding the spinal cord and vertebrae
meninges
37
which matter is in the center of spinal cord
gray matter
38
which matter consists of interneurons and motor neurons
gray matter
39
which matter is made up of myelinated axons
white matter
40
layers of the meninges
pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater
41
how many cervical nerves
8
42
how many thoracic nerves
12
43
how many lumbar nerves
5
44
how many sacral nerves
5
45
how many coccygeal nerves
1
46
brain's main system for controlling organs of the body
autonomic nervous system
47
which nervous system do we not have much voluntary control over
autonomic
48
aggregates of neurons found outside the CNS
autonomic ganglia
49
neurons within the brain and spinal cord send their axons to innervate neurons in ganglia, then they send their axons to innervate all major organs
autonomic neurons
50
neurons that run from CNS to autonomic ganglia
preganglionic autonomic neurons
51
neurons that run from autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body
postganglionic autonomic neurons
52
three divisions of autonomic nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
53
which two systems of the ANS act in oppostion
sympathetic and parasympathetic
54
location of the preganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system
middle parts of spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar)
55
sympathetic chain of autonomic ganglia
chain of ganglia that runs along each side of spinal column (part of SNS)
56
which system prepares body for action (fight-or-flight), increasing BP, dilating pupils, increasing HR
sympathetic nervous system
57
which neurotransmitter does preganglionic axons and parasympathetic and postganglionic produce and release
acetylcholine
58
which neurotransmitter do sympathetic postganglionic cells produce and use
norepinephrine
59
which system helps body relax, recuperate, and prepare for future action (rest-and-digest)
parasympathetic nervous system
60
which systems axons travel longer distance
parasympathetic
61
which systems ganglia are spread throughout the body
parasympathetic
62
which neurotransmitter slows down activity
acetylcholine
63
neurotransmitter that accelerates activity
norepinephrine
64
mesh embedded within walls of digestive organs
enteric nervous system
65
local network of sensory and motor neurons that regulate functioning of the gut, controlled by CNS
enteric nervous system
66
system that plays key role in maintaining fluid and nutrient balances in body
enteric nervous system
67
cerebral hemispheres
right and left halves of your forebrain
68
outer covering of cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
69
makeup of cerebral cortex
neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons
70
ridged or raised portion of convoluted brain surface
gyrus
71
furrows of convoluted brain surface
sulcus
72
right and left halves of body
sagittal plane
73
front and back parts of body
coronal plane
74
upper and lower parts of body
horizontal plane
75
towards middle
medial
76
towards side
lateral
77
ipsilateral
on same side of body
78
contralateral
opposite sides of body
79
superior
above
80
below
inferior
81
head
anterior/rostral
82
tail
posterior/caudal
83
near the center
proximal
84
towards periphery
distal
85
carries into region we are interested in
afferent
86
carries info away from region of interest
efferent
87
towards back
dorsal
88
towards belly
ventral
89
four major cortical regions
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
90
division of temporal lobe from other regions of hemisphere
sylvian fissure
91
division between frontal and parietal lobes
central sulcus
92
seat of complex cognition
cortex
93
damage to which region would mean impairments of movement and sensation, speech errors, memory problems, personality changes, visual impairments.
cortex
94
auditory info goes to which lobe
temporal
95
sensory info and spatial cognition to which lobe
parietal lobe
96
info from the eyes goes to which lobe
occipital
97
receives somatosensory information from body
postcentral gyrus
98
movement and high-level cognition goes to which lobe
frontal
99
crucial for motor control
precentral gyrus
100
left hemisphere controls which side of body
right
101
hundreds of millions of axons in a large C-shaped bundle
corpus callosum
102
responsible for communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
103
brain matter that receives and processes information
gray
104
brain matter that transmits information
white matter
105
CNS in very young embryo
neural tube
106
when does the neural tube develop into three separate parts
a few weeks after conception
107
forebrain
prosencephalon
108
midbrain
mesencephalon
109
hindbrain
rhombencephalon
110
frontal subdivision of forebrain that includes cerebral hemispheres when fully developed
telencephalon
111
part of the developing forebrain that becomes thalamus and hypothalamus
diencephalon
112
structures of hindbrain
metencephalon, cerebellum, pons, and medulla (myelencephalon)
113
brainstem structures
midbrain, pons, medulla
114
aggregations of neurons in major brain regions
nuclei
115
bundles of axons in major brain regions
tracts
116
is there more glial cells or more neurons
glial cells
117
cells that provide support and contribute to info processing
glial cells
118
thought neurons were continuous, forming an endless network of info flow
Golgi
119
neurons are contiguous but have a tiny gap to keep the cell separate
Cajal
120
Nissl stains
outline all cell bodies because dyes are attracted to RNA within the cell
121
Golgi stains
label only a small minority of neurons but very deeply and completely
122
4 main parts of a neuron
soma, mitochondria, cell nucleus, ribosomes
123
house of all organelles
soma
124
in charge of producing energy
mitochondria
125
holds blueprints (genes and DNA)
cell nucleus
126
receives orders on genetics from nucleus and transmits them to start building proteins needed for constructing and operating the neuron
ribosomes
127
three different structures of neurons
multipolar, unipolar, bipolar
128
most common neuron type, many dendrites and one axon
multipolar neurons
129
found in sensory areas, especially with vision. one dendrite at one end of the cell and one axon at the other end
bipolar neurons
130
neuron that sends touch information from the body to the spinal cord. one axon branches off in two directions from cell body, one direction has dendrites for the input of information and the other end has axon terminals to send info to other cells
unipolar neurons
131
which neurons pass information between neurons in the brain
interneurons
132
neurons that control movements. they receive commands from the brain to control muscles, organs, or glands
motor neurons
133
take information from the skin to the spinal cord or brain. differently shaped neurons for different senses
sensory
134
key components of a synapse
presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic vesicles, presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter molecules, dendrites, postsynaptic receptors, postsynaptic membrane, axon hillock
135
how big is the synaptic cleft
20-40 nanometers
136
4 types of glial cells
astrocyte, microglial cell, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells
137
star-shaped cell with processes extending in different directions
astrocyte
138
cells that regulate blood flow to send more to active neurons, form new synapses, and find neural activity
astrocyte
139
very small, active cells that clean up and contain injuries
microglial cells
140
glial cells involved in myelinating the brain and spinal cord
oligodendrocytes
141
glial cells involved in myelinating the body
schwann cells
142
cells that hold the nervous system together (glue)
glial cells
143
medical issues associated with glial cells
MS, edema, and tumors on glial cells
