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Human Geography > [Unit 3: Enquiry Question 1] > Flashcards

[Unit 3: Enquiry Question 1] Flashcards

Globalisation

1
Q

define Globalisation

A

the process by which the world is becoming increasing interconnected through economies, movement of goods, services and capital across borders. It is the widening and deepening of global connections

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2
Q

define Detached Location

A

Physical, political, economic and environmental reasons why some places remail largely detached from globalisation. They lack trade, FDI and TNCs.

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3
Q

state Political reasons why some places may be detached

A

places like North Korea have a “Junche” policy (self-sufficiency). This means minimising trade with other countries

The leader prohibits emigration making it difficult for TNCs to invest in the country. Regular folk have no access to internet or socials, meaning they are cut off from the world (they have no undersea data cables).

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4
Q

state Economic reasons why some places may be detached

A

Sahel Region have poor infrastructure & low literacy rates which isn’t attractive to TNCs. Currently the area is dominated by subsistence farming, so the economy can’t grow.

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5
Q

state Physical reasons why some places may be detached

A

countries in the Sahel region are landlocked and have poor roads which cause high transport costs to import or export goods, this repels TNCs from investing in the countries.

Himalayan countries are also physically detached. (and weather (environmentally))

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6
Q

Environmental reasons why some places may be detached

A

Sahel region is semi arid, so produces unreliable agricultural exports (climate change making this worse), meaning the TNCs are unwilling to invest in the uncertainty.

Other harsh conditions make countries unattractive to TNCs

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7
Q

Physical and human reasons for countries being detached

A

Resources controlled by foreign TNCs (sierra leone)

Infighting over resources (Sudan)

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8
Q

time-space compression

A

as travel times fall due to new inventions, different places approach each other in “space-time”: they begin to feel closer together than in the past. This is called the shrinking world effect. We are becoming a global village

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9
Q

List as many Transport inventions and their dates

A

1712 - steam engine

1886 - automobile

1903 - airplane

1929 - jet engine

1955 - containerisation

1960 - commercial jet aircraft

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10
Q

List as many communication inventions and their dates

A

1925 - TV

1957 - Satellite

1989 - WWW

undersea data cables

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11
Q

Why are TNCs put off from African countries

A

Corruption

Politically unstable

Negative Image

Unstable currencies

Debt (SAPs force cuts in government spending)

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12
Q

Why is Gambia detached

A

connections cut off, 35% pop have electricity

Limited resources

Not economically stable, nor reliable income

Limited in development and infrastructure

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13
Q

Opportunities The Gambia has for developing

A

Further tourism income

develop more industrial services to attract more FDI

Invest in education to stabilise future economy

Pursue agriculture development

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14
Q

define tariff

A

A tax imposed on imports

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15
Q

define subsidy

A

a financial assistance payment that supports a business or government to make it competitive or prevent collapse

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16
Q

define Quota

A

a limit on quantity of a good a country allows into the country

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17
Q

define Protectionism

A

policies to protect businesses and workers in a country by regulating trade with foreign nations

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18
Q

define Free-market economy

A

a market economy based on supply and demand with little government control

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19
Q

define Free trade

A

a policy where government does not interfere with imports or exports by applying tariffs, subsidies or quotas

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20
Q

define Privatisation

A

transferring ownership of a public service/property into private ownership run for profit

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21
Q

define Neoliberalism

A

political philosophy of free markets, free trade privitisation and increasing the role of business in society (less government). Making trade easier there will be more of it, meaning reduction of poverty

22
Q

state Three players that impose SAPs

A

World Trade Organisation

International Monetary Fund

World Bank

23
Q

What does the WTO do?

A

made rules of international trade and liberalizes it.

Gets countries to remove tariffs and subsidies.

(creates competition for home grown products, reducing local employment.)

If a country want a loan, they must agree to WTOs rules.

24
Q

What does the IMF do?

A

Channels loans.

Recipients of loans must agree to run free market economies
(so TNCs can enter easier)

Originally formed to help countries stabilise after WW2 (to prevent communism).

It is USA controlled.

Voting system based on how much you donate

25
Q

What does the World Bank do?

A

lends money on a global scale

Originally financed ex-colonies but projects were bad for environment and helped countries that couldn’t repay.

They impose conditions on those than accept loans and grants.

26
Q

What are SAPs

A

Structural Adjustment Programmes

Economic policies imposed on countries that are granted a loan.

Usually force emerging/developing countries into becoming a free market economy, and allowing free trade.

27
Q

What is FDI

A

financial injection made by TNCs.

To build new facilities

28
Q

What is Foreign Mergers

A

Two firms from different countries join

(Royal Dutch Shell - HQ in UK & Netherlands)

29
Q

What is offshoring?

A

TNCs build facilities ‘offshore’ in low wage economies

(BT outsource helplines to India)

30
Q

What is Foreign Acquisitions

A

TNC launches takeover of company in another country.

UK has few restrictions of this

USA closely scrutinizes this

(cadbury got attacked by Kraft)

31
Q

What is Transfer Picking

A

TNCs (like Amazon) channel profits through subsidiary company in low tax country.

(OECD trying to prohibit this)

32
Q

What is a trade bloc

A

countries close (geographically) join to encourage trade within bloc by removing barriers (for members)

33
Q

What are the six types of trade blocs

A

preferential trade area

free trade area

customs union

common market

economic union

full integration

34
Q

Main roles of ASEAN

A

help manufacturing industries thrive

eliminate tariffs

Mainly Singapore as they are trade dependant

35
Q

Main roles of EU

A

provide structural funds

give cities a reputation

make free trade easier

Mainly Germany & France as they are influential

36
Q

What makes a country attractive to TNCs

A

Low cost of labour
Skilled work force
Working age population
No conflict
Politically stable
Easily accessible
Good environment
Stable economy
Raw materials

37
Q

What are global ports

A

ports that have crucial role in facilitating global trade

38
Q

What is cumulative causation

A

a model that explains why wealth becomes concentrated in certain places

39
Q

what is a global hub

A

places that have intense connections to the rest of the world. They usually host major TNCs

40
Q

How can governments help global hubs form

A

set up SEZs.

allowing businesses to cluster

forms technopoles

41
Q

Impact of free trade on UK

A

economic growth from FDI

Job creation

lower costs for consumers

TNCs outcompete local businesses

42
Q

Impact of privatisation on the UK

A

attracts investors

improves efficiency

improve infrastructure

investors have bad ethics

43
Q

Impact of TNCs on UK

A

Nissan in Sunderland:

brings new technology

brings innovation

job creation

we end up economically relying on the TNCs

TNCs don’t care about the environment

44
Q

How did China globalise

A

“open-door” policy (1978)

government set up SEZs.

areas are becoming privatised.

globalisation is tightly controlled with strict oversight on TNCs.

45
Q

what is glocalisation

A

adapting the goods or services of a business to increase consumer appeal in different countries

46
Q

Name 2 index for measuring globalisation

A

KOF globalisation index

AT Kearney

KAOPEN

AREAER

47
Q

Describe as best as you can the KOF globalisation index

A

measures 24 indicators across 3 categories:
-socially
-politically
-economically

some countries data is unavailable (207 available)

Index calculated since 1970
-comparison overtime

48
Q

Describe as best as you can the AT Kearney index

A

uses 12 indicators across 4 categories:
-economic integration (trade & fdi)
-technological connectivity (internet users)
-political engagement
-personal contact (travel & toursim)

only 62 countries
-but is 84% of world population

first published in 2008
-not much comparison overtime

49
Q

What does AREAER measure

A

records existence of restriction on trade as a way of measuring globalisation

50
Q

What does KAOPEN measure

A

how easy it is to invest and withdraw investment as a way of measuring globalisation

Human Geography (4 decks)

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