Unit 3: Energy Flashcards
Recall aspects of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Anaerobic Fermentation. I highly recommend studying diagrams as well.
Photosynthesis converts ___ energy to ____ energy
light; chemical
Photosynthesis converts CO2 to ___ and H2O to ____
O2; Glucose
6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2
What carrier electron does cellular respiration use
NADH
P for photosynthesis - NADPH
Where does glycolysis occur during cellular respiration?
In the cytoplasm
Anaerobic - does not require oxygen
Glycolysis uses ___ and converts it to ____
glucose; pyruvate, 2 ATP, and NADH
Where does the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid cycle) occur
In the mitochondrial matrix
What are the 4 main steps of cellular respiration
In order
Glycolysis, *Pyruvate oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation
*Turns pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
What are the start and end products of the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA and O2 goes in, CO2, 2 ATP, 8 NADP, 2 FADH2 goes out
-This is why we breathe out CO2
What step of cellular respiration produces the most ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation - Consists of the ETC and ATP Synthase
The ATP synthase uses the H+ gradient built by the ETC to generate energy and combine what 2 molecucles together?
ADP and Phosphate(Pi)
When no oxygen is present, a cell will commence 1 of what 2 types of fermentation?
Anaerobic process
Alcoholic and Lactic Acid fermentation
____ are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts
Photosystems II and I
Photophosphorylation is a Light ___ process
Dependent
The Calvin Cycle is a Light ____ process
Independent
Where does photophosphorylation occur
In the thylakoids of the grana, in chloroplasts
Electrons from the ETC are passed to turn ___ reductase into _____
NADP+; NADPH
The thylakoid space has a ___ proton concentration
High
After passing through PSII and PSI during the ETC, NADPH and the ATP generated from chemiosmosis goes to what process
The Calvin Cycle, using those molecules, electrons, and CO2 to make glucose
What molecule is split at the start of photophosphorylation in order to generate electrons, and what is released as a byproduct?
H2O is split into O2, H+, and 2 electrons
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
In the stroma of chloroplasts, just like the Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
What types of cells undergo alcoholic fermentation, and what is the glucose converted to?
Yeast cells; ethyl alcohol, CO2 and NAD+
What are enzymes and what is their main funtion?
Biological catylasts(made of protein) that speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation enrgy required for reaction to occur
Where does an enzymatic reaction occur
On the enzymes active site (expose R group)
The process of breaking down a substance is a ____ process
Catabolic
Cats break everything knocking things off of tables
The process of building up substances is a ____ process
anabolic
Anabolic steroids build muscles
What is the enzymatic rate determined by?
the collisions between substrates and enzymes
Enzymes are specific to a substrate - must be complementary to shape and charge of the active site
yea
What are 4 factors enzyme rate is affected by and how?
pH (different pH optimal for each enzyme)
Temperature (different for each enzyme; in general when temp goes up so does enzyme rate, too much heat can denature enzyme)
Enzyme Concentration (More enzyme faster rate)
Substrate Concentration (More substrate faster rate)
What happens in competitive inhibition
An inhibitor competes for the active site; can be overcome with more substrate
What happens in non-competitive inhibition
Inhibitor attatches at an allosteric site, changing the shape of the enzymes active site to the substrate can no longer bind.
What 2 groups interact with enzymes to put them into the right structure to do work?
Coenzymes (organic; vitamin B, NAH) and cofactors (inorganic; zinc, magnesium, etc.)
