Unit 1: Biochemistry Flashcards
What is an Amino Acid?
They are organic compounds that combine to form proteins.
What does Amphipathic mean
A molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
ex. phospholipids that form the phospholipid bilayer, with a hydrophilic head(polar) and a hydrophobic(non-polar) inside
What is an anabolic process
a process that builds larger, complex molecules from smaller, more simple ones. Requires energy.
What is the ratio of elements in Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen(CHO); 1:2:1 ratio
What are the 6 most common elements in all living matter (think CHNOPS)
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Catabolic reactions ____ molecules in living cells
Break down larger
What is a disaccharide composed of
two molecules of monosaccharides linked to each other
Where are Hydrogen Bonds most frequent
Between water molecules, DNA, and Proteins
What is the strength of a Hydrogen Bond?
Weak bond between a Hydrogen and a negatively charged item
What is the main property of Hydrophilic (Polar) molecules
attracted to water molecules (phospholipid head)
What is the main property of Hydrophobic (Non-Polar) properties
repel water molecules
(phospholipid tails)
What are ions
charged particles that have an uneven # of protons and electrons
-Cat(ions) are pawsitive
What type of molecule are phospholipids?
Amphiphilic - has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
What is the ration of molecules in Lipids?
CHO(P) - not a 1:2:1 ratio
What are the 4 major macromolecules (composed of CHNOP)
Carbohydrates, Lipids/fats, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What groups do amino acids have?
Amino group, Carboxyl group, R-group
Amino acids bond through ____ to form a _____
dehydration synthesis; peptide bond
What is a monomer?
A small molecule that are repeated units in a polymer
What is a monosaccharide and what do they do?
The simplest form of sugar and the most basic units from which all carbohydrates are built; They produce and store energy in chemical bonds
ex. Glucose
The charge in a nonpolar molecule is distributed _____
Evenly
ex. CO2 and O2
What are Nucleic Acids composed of? (DNA,RNA)
A 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base(A-U/T,C-G).
What are the nitrogenous bases that form DNA in living cells and to which do they pair with?
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
How are polymers broken down?
Hydrolysis
What are the 4 most important organic compounds
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
Peptide bonds are ____ bonds that link _________ together to form a _____
covalent; amino acids; protein
Polar molecules are _____ with ____ distribution of electrons
hydrophillic; uneven
Monomers form ____ which forms macromolecules
Polymers
How many different amino acids are found in proteins?
20
What are the 3 structures of an amino acid
Amino Group, Carboxyl Group (COOH), R Group(determines chemical properties of the amino acid)
In protein folding and many biological structures, shape determines _____
function
Primary protein folding structure is an
amino acid chain
Secondary protein folding structure is a
beta pleated sheet or alpha helix (hydrogen bonds)
Tertiary protein folding structure is
Globular, folds in on itself, many new bonds
Quaternary protein folding structure is
Multiple polypeptides joined together
What 3 things are nucleotides composed of
Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
