Unit 2: Cells Flashcards
What organisms are under the domain of prokaryotic cell
Bacteria and Archaea
What a 3 main differences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotic:
No membrane-bound organelles, No Nucleus, Free Ribosomes and cell wall
Eukaryotic:
M.B.O., Multiple linear DNA, Histones on the DNA
What is the function of the nucleus
Holds DNA and nucleolus*
where ribosomes are made*
What is the structure and function of the Mitochondria
IT IS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!!! It has a double membrane, the outer is smooth but the inner is folded with enzymes to make ATP
Site of cellular respiration (glucose breakdown)
What is the structure and function of Ribosomes
Site of translation and protein synthesis, made of rRNA and proteins
What is the structure and function of the Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)
Connected to the nucleus, protein and lipid synthesis*
Protein —> Rough ER Lipid —> Smooth ER
What is the structure and function of the Golgi Complex
Packaging in membrane and signals for exports
Can be thought of like a UPS packaging center; assembles and preps for takeoff and sends off to right place
What is the structure and function of the Cytoskeleton
It is made of microfilaments, its is a contractile protein that gives shape and allows for movement within the cell
What are centrioles?
in animals
Act as the cells skeleton system, cylindrical tubes
What is the function of the cilia
Locomotive and sensory functions
Like hairs on our body - outside of cell wall
Flagella
(Found in bacteria and sperm cells)
Allows the cell to move
Like a octopus coming out of the cells ass tbh
What are spindle fibers
a protein structure that divides the genetic materical in a cell
Neccessary for mitosis/meiosis
What are vacuoles/vessicles purpose
To move substances in/out of the cell
Like an pimple that moves around
What are Lysosomes used for
in Animals
They break down excess or worn out cell parts
What is the structure and function of the Chloroplast
In plants
Has a double mebrane, site of photosynthesis
Centrioles
In animals
What are the 3 parts of the cell wall made of
in plants
Middle lemella - pectin
Primary cell wall - cellulose
Secondary cell wall - lignin
What are 3 evidences of the endosymbiotic theory
Membranes — Mitochondria have their own cell membranes, just like a prokaryotic cell does.
DNA — Each mitochondrion has its own circular DNA genome, like a bacteria’s genome, but much smaller. …
Reproduction — Mitochondria multiply by pinching in half — the same process used by bacteria.
What is the cell membrane made of
The phospholipid bilayer
Is The phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophillic
The head of the phospholipids are Hydrophillic, and the tails are hydrophobic
Amphipathetic and selectively permeable - allows it to allow some molecules in and block other molecules out
Fluid Mosaic Model
Model of what the cell membrane looks like, protein chanels, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids among the phosphlipid bilayer
Passive Transport consists of
___ and ___
Diffusion; Facilitated Diffusion
Which direction does passive transport occur
Down the concentration gradient
High concentration –> low concentration
Think of it like a bike going down a hill - when going down the hill no energy is required and it moves from high to low
Which direction does active transport occur
Against the concentration gradient
Low concentration –> High concentration
Think of it like a bike going up a hill - when going up the hill energy is required and it moves from low to high
What type of molecules are able to diffuse across the membrane
Small, non-polar molecules
ex. 02 and CO2
During Facilitated diffusion, ____ molecules diffuse ____ the concentration gradient using ____ _____
*Polar; down; transport proteins
*ex. Glucose and amino acids
What are 3 types of transport proteins
Gated channel proteins, Carrier Proteins, Channel Proteins
Active Transport uses ____ and _____
Pumps; Bulk Transport
Osmosis uses ____ to pass ____ through the plasma membrane
Aquaporins; H2O
Electrogenetic pumps generate ____ across the membrane by sending ___ across the membrane, creating a difference in the gradient
voltage; H+ Ions
Using ATP!
Na/K pumps pump ___ out of the cell and ___ into the cell using ___
Na; K; ATP
How does cotransport work?
Cotransport uses membrane proteins to enable “downhill” diffusion of one solute to drive “uphill” transport of others
Does not use any ATP
Bulk transport uses ______ and _____ to transport ____ products across the membrane
endocytosis; exocytosis; large molecules*
*ex. hormones, polysaccharides
Endocytosis ____ macromolecules
takes in
Exocytosis ____ macromolecules
expels
Endocytosis consists of both solids and fluids. What are the names for these processes?
Phagocytosis - Cellular eating (solids)
Pinocytosis - Cellular drinking (liquids)
In hypotonic cells, the solute concentraition is _____ than the inside
lower
Results in a lysed cell
Hypo=hippo=Round and Large, eating more (H2O) than it can take
What is turgor pressure in plants?
Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall.
In Hypertonic cells, the outside concentration is _____ than the inside
Higher
results in the cell shriveling
Hyper people spend all of their energy(H2O) and then burn out(shriveling)
Adding a solute will ___ the water potential
Lower
What kind of structure allows for a high Surface Area/Volume ratio?
Many folds
Think of that wierd jello block lab we did
Lower water potential than surrounding cells results in
hypertonic, shriveled cell
Higher concentration than outside
