Unit 2: Cells

Question 1

What organisms are under the domain of prokaryotic cell

Answer 1

Bacteria and Archaea

Question 2

What a 3 main differences of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 2

Prokaryotic:
No membrane-bound organelles, No Nucleus, Free Ribosomes and cell wall
Eukaryotic:
M.B.O., Multiple linear DNA, Histones on the DNA

Question 3

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 3

Holds DNA and nucleolus*

where ribosomes are made*

Question 4

What is the structure and function of the Mitochondria

Answer 4

IT IS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!!! It has a double membrane, the outer is smooth but the inner is folded with enzymes to make ATP

Site of cellular respiration (glucose breakdown)

Question 5

What is the structure and function of Ribosomes

Answer 5

Site of translation and protein synthesis, made of rRNA and proteins

Question 6

What is the structure and function of the Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)

Answer 6

Connected to the nucleus, protein and lipid synthesis*

Protein —> Rough ER Lipid —> Smooth ER

Question 7

What is the structure and function of the Golgi Complex

Answer 7

Packaging in membrane and signals for exports

Can be thought of like a UPS packaging center; assembles and preps for takeoff and sends off to right place

Question 8

What is the structure and function of the Cytoskeleton

Answer 8

It is made of microfilaments, its is a contractile protein that gives shape and allows for movement within the cell

Question 9

What are centrioles?

in animals

Answer 9

Act as the cells skeleton system, cylindrical tubes

Question 10

What is the function of the cilia

Answer 10

Locomotive and sensory functions

Like hairs on our body - outside of cell wall

Question 11

Flagella

(Found in bacteria and sperm cells)

Answer 11

Allows the cell to move

Like a octopus coming out of the cells ass tbh

Question 12

What are spindle fibers

Answer 12

a protein structure that divides the genetic materical in a cell

Neccessary for mitosis/meiosis

Question 13

What are vacuoles/vessicles purpose

Answer 13

To move substances in/out of the cell

Like an pimple that moves around

Question 14

What are Lysosomes used for

in Animals

Answer 14

They break down excess or worn out cell parts

Question 15

What is the structure and function of the Chloroplast

In plants

Answer 15

Has a double mebrane, site of photosynthesis

Question 16

Centrioles

In animals

Question 17

What are the 3 parts of the cell wall made of

in plants

Answer 17

Middle lemella - pectin
Primary cell wall - cellulose
Secondary cell wall - lignin

Question 18

What are 3 evidences of the endosymbiotic theory

Answer 18

Membranes — Mitochondria have their own cell membranes, just like a prokaryotic cell does.
DNA — Each mitochondrion has its own circular DNA genome, like a bacteria’s genome, but much smaller. …
Reproduction — Mitochondria multiply by pinching in half — the same process used by bacteria.

Question 19

What is the cell membrane made of

Answer 19

The phospholipid bilayer

Question 20

Is The phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophillic

Answer 20

The head of the phospholipids are Hydrophillic, and the tails are hydrophobic

Amphipathetic and selectively permeable - allows it to allow some molecules in and block other molecules out

Question 21

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 21

Model of what the cell membrane looks like, protein chanels, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids among the phosphlipid bilayer

Question 22

Passive Transport consists of
___ and ___

Answer 22

Diffusion; Facilitated Diffusion

Question 23

Which direction does passive transport occur

Answer 23

Down the concentration gradient

High concentration –> low concentration

Think of it like a bike going down a hill - when going down the hill no energy is required and it moves from high to low

Question 24

Which direction does active transport occur

Answer 24

Against the concentration gradient

Low concentration –> High concentration

Think of it like a bike going up a hill - when going up the hill energy is required and it moves from low to high

Question 25

What type of molecules are able to diffuse across the membrane

Answer 25

Small, non-polar molecules

ex. 02 and CO2

Question 26

During Facilitated diffusion, ____ molecules diffuse ____ the concentration gradient using ____ _____

Answer 26

*Polar; down; transport proteins

*ex. Glucose and amino acids

Question 27

What are 3 types of transport proteins

Answer 27

Gated channel proteins, Carrier Proteins, Channel Proteins

Question 28

Active Transport uses ____ and _____

Answer 28

Pumps; Bulk Transport

Question 29

Osmosis uses ____ to pass ____ through the plasma membrane

Answer 29

Aquaporins; H2O

Question 30

Electrogenetic pumps generate ____ across the membrane by sending ___ across the membrane, creating a difference in the gradient

Answer 30

voltage; H+ Ions

Using ATP!

Question 31

Na/K pumps pump ___ out of the cell and ___ into the cell using ___

Answer 31

Na; K; ATP

Question 32

How does cotransport work?

Answer 32

Cotransport uses membrane proteins to enable “downhill” diffusion of one solute to drive “uphill” transport of others

Does not use any ATP

Question 33

Bulk transport uses ______ and _____ to transport ____ products across the membrane

Answer 33

endocytosis; exocytosis; large molecules*

*ex. hormones, polysaccharides

Question 34

Endocytosis ____ macromolecules

Answer 34

takes in

Question 35

Exocytosis ____ macromolecules

Answer 35

expels

Question 36

Endocytosis consists of both solids and fluids. What are the names for these processes?

Answer 36

Phagocytosis - Cellular eating (solids)
Pinocytosis - Cellular drinking (liquids)

Question 37

In hypotonic cells, the solute concentraition is _____ than the inside

Answer 37

lower

Results in a lysed cell

Hypo=hippo=Round and Large, eating more (H2O) than it can take

Question 38

What is turgor pressure in plants?

Answer 38

Pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall.

Question 39

In Hypertonic cells, the outside concentration is _____ than the inside

Answer 39

Higher

results in the cell shriveling

Hyper people spend all of their energy(H2O) and then burn out(shriveling)

Question 40

Adding a solute will ___ the water potential

Answer 40

Lower

Question 41

What kind of structure allows for a high Surface Area/Volume ratio?

Answer 41

Many folds

Think of that wierd jello block lab we did

Question 42

Lower water potential than surrounding cells results in

Answer 42

hypertonic, shriveled cell

Higher concentration than outside