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SPRING 2024: RADIATION PROTECTION Class Notes Flashcards > UNIT 3: Dose Limits > Flashcards

UNIT 3: Dose Limits Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the negligible individual dose?

A

An annual negligible individual dose (NID) of 0.01 mSv/year (1 mrem/year) per source or practice has been determined to be a dose of negligible risk. This means that at this EfD level, a reduction of individual exposure is unnecessary.

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2
Q

Advisory Agnecies

A

ICRP
NCRP
UNSCEAR
NAS/NRC-BEIR

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3
Q

Regulatory Agencies

A

NRC
Agreement States
EPA
USFDA
OSHA

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4
Q

What is the relationship between radiation hormesis and the linear- nonthreshold dose-response curve?

A

LNT states any amount of radiation could be harmful, hormesis states a small amount could be good, so they contradict eachother

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5
Q

Consumer-Patient Radiation Health & Safety Act of 1981

A

-Provides federal legislation requiring the establishment of minimum standards for the accreditation of educational programs for persons who perform radiologic procedures and the certification of such persons
-To ensure that standard medical/dental radiologic practices adhere to safety precautions/standards.

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6
Q

Annual dose limits for a radiographer

A

5 Rem (50 mSv)

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7
Q

EfD limiting system

A

a set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues. Method for controlling risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public

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8
Q

EDL(Effective Dose Limit)

A

the upper boundary dose that results in a negligible risk of:
* Bodily injury
* Hereditary damage

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9
Q

CumEfD(Cumulative Effective Dose)

A

A radiation worker’s lifetime effective dose must be limited to this individual’s age in years x 10 mSv

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10
Q

Radiation Hormesis

A

there exists a beneficial result in groups of individuals from continuing exposure to small amounts of radiation

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11
Q

Identify the report(s) and associated organization(s) that serve as a resource for recommendations of the effective dose limiting system

A

-Report No. 116 of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)
-Publication No. 60 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)

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12
Q

Why should technologists be mindful about these guidelines?

A

To reduce patient and tech radiation exposure

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13
Q

What does ICRP stand for? Who are they?

A

-International Commission on Radiological Protection
-the international authority on the safe use of sources of ionizing radiation

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14
Q

What is/ are the role(s)/ functions of the ICRP?

A

-Evaluates info on biologic effects
-Provides guidance dose limits, occupational and public dose limits

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15
Q

What does NCRP stand for?
What is/ are the role(s)/ functions of the NCRP?

A

-National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
-determines how ICRP recommendations are incorporated into US radiation protection criteria. The council implements this task by assembling general relevant guidelines and publishing them in the form of various NCRP reports

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16
Q

Who enforces the recommendations from the NCRP?

A

federal and state agencies

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17
Q

How might enforcement agencies and nongovernmental groups utilize the recommendations set forth by the NCRP?

A

-Governmental organizations- use NCRP recommendations as basis for radiation protection
-Nongovernmental group-use NCRP for improved radiation safety practices

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18
Q

What does UNSCEAR stand for?
What is/ are the role(s)/ functions of UNSCEAR?

A

-United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation

-Derives risk assessments from epidemiologic data and research conclusions.
-Provides information to organizations such as the ICRP for evaluation.

This group evaluates human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures from a variety of sources, including:
* Radioactive materials
* Radiation-producing machines
* Radiation accidents

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19
Q

What source(s) do UNSCEAR use to make recommendation

A

-Epidemiologic data
-Radiation Effects
-Research Foundation
-Research conclusions

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20
Q

What does NAS/NRC-BEIR stand for?
What is/ are the role(s)/ functions of NAS/NRC-BEIR?

A

-National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
-Reviews studies of biologic effects of radiation and risk assessment and provides the information to organizations like ICRP.

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21
Q

What source(s) do NAS/NRC-BEIR use to make recommendations?

A
  • Early radiation workers
  • Atomic bomb victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
  • Evacuees from the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster
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22
Q

How do recommendations become enforced policies?

A

Congressional acts or state mandates

  1. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
  2. Agreement states
  3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  4. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
  5. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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23
Q

What is the role of the US Regulatory Agencies regarding radiation protection recommendations?

A

enforce radiation protection standards

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24
Q

What does NRC stand for?
Describe the function of the NRC

A

-Nuclear Regulatory Commission (previously known as the Atomic Energy Commission)

-Oversee the nuclear energy industry. This agency supervises the:
* Design and working mechanics of nuclear power stations
* Production of nuclear fuel
* Handling of expended fuel
* Supervision of hazardous radioactive waste material

-Manufacture and use of radioactive substances.
-Makes unannounced inspections.

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25
Q

The NRC is a FEDERAL/ STATE/ LOCAL agency. circle one

A

Federal

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26
Q

T or F: The NRC regulates and/ or inspects x-ray imaging facilities

A

False

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27
Q

What does NARM stand for and provide examples

A

“naturally occurring and/or accelerator produced materials”

-Examples:
* Thallium-201 (201Tl) used in nuclear medicine for heart stress tests
* Palladium-103 (103Pd) used for therapeutic prostate seed implants

28
Q

What responsibilities does the NRC have regarding radioactive substances?

A
  • Research
  • Industry
  • Nuclear medicine imaging procedures
  • Therapeutic treatments
29
Q

Agreement states vs Non-agreement states

A

-Agreement states: NRC contracts state to license and regulating the use of radioisotopes and other radioactive materials
-Non-agreement states: both the state and NRC enforce radiation protection regulations by sending agents to health care facilities

30
Q

T or F: Agreement states are an advisory agency

A

False, they are a regulatory agency

31
Q

The Agreement states are a FEDERAL/ STATE/ LOCAL agency. circle one.

A

State

32
Q

What does EPA stand for?
What is/ are the role/ responsibilities of the EPA?

A

-Environmental Protection Agency
-facilitates the development and enforcement of regulations pertaining to the control of radiation in the environment

  • Directs relevant federal agencies
  • Oversees the general area of environmental monitoring
  • Has oversight authority for specific areas such as determining the action level for radon
33
Q

The EPA is a FEDERAL/ STATE/ LOCAL agency. circle one.

A

Federal

34
Q

What does USFDA stand for?
What is/ are the role/ responsibilities of the USFDA regarding radiation protection?

A

-US Food and Drug Administration

-conducts an ongoing product radiation control program
-regulates the design/manufacturing of electronic products
-inspect radiographic equipment

35
Q

The USFDA is a FEDERAL/ STATE/ LOCAL agency. circle one.

A

Federal

36
Q

What is the purpose of the USFDA inspecting radiographic equipment?

A

determine the level of compliance to reduce occupational and nonoccupational exposures

37
Q

What radiographic advanced modality must have regular inspections performed by the USFDA?

A

Mammograohy

38
Q

What does OSHA stand for?
What is/ are the role/ responsibilities of OSHA in the workplace?

A

-Occupational Safety and Health Administration
-regulates occupational exposure

39
Q

OSHA is a FEDERAL/ STATE/ LOCAL agency. circle one.

A

Federal

40
Q

What is/ are the requirements of the facility that offers radiographic imaging?

A

Employees be aware of:
* Hazardous substances
* Infectious agents
* Ionizing radiation
* Nonionizing radiation (e.g., ultraviolet, microwaves, etc.)

41
Q

Who is responsible to implement the radiation safety program of a facility?

A

The workplace(administration)

42
Q

What does RSC stand for?
What is the role of the RSC?

A

-Radiation Safety Comittee

  • Oversee the program’s daily operation
  • Provide for formal review of the program each year
  • Selects a qualified person to serve as a radiation safety officer (RSO)
43
Q

What does RSO stand for?
Who generally holds the title of RSO?

A

-Radiation Safety Officer
-radiologist, a medical physicist, health physicist, other qualified individual through training/experience

44
Q

Who approves of this person to be in the RSO role?

A

This person is designated by a health care facility and approved by the NRC and the state

45
Q

What is/ are the roles/ responsibilities of the RSO?

A

Developing an appropriate radiation safety program for the facility that follows internationally accepted guidelines for radiation protection. This individual is also charged with ensuring that the facility’s operational radiation practices are such that all persons, especially those who are or could be pregnant, are adequately protected from unnecessary exposure. Review and maintain records.

46
Q

What authority is the RSO required to have from the facility (licensee)?

A

the management of the facility must grant the RSO the authority necessary to implement and enforce the policies of the radiation safety program

47
Q

What is the purpose of the Radiation Control for Health & Safety Act of 1968?
What products fall under this act?

A

-To protect the public from the hazardous radiation

-Diagnostic x-ray equipment
-Microwave ovens
-Color televisions

48
Q

How does the Radiation Control for Health & Safety Act of 1968 pertain to radiographic equipment?

A

Setting up standards for the manufacture, installation, assembly, and maintenance of machines for radiologic procedures

49
Q

Describe the ALARA concept

A

Use the lowest radiation exposure needed

50
Q

Another term related to ALARA is

A

Optimization

51
Q

Which dose-response curve(s) is used in conjunction with the ALARA principle?

A

Linear nonthreshold

52
Q

What is the significance of the USFDA White Papers?

A

promises that each patient should get the right imaging examination, at the right time, with the right radiation dose

53
Q

Why is it impossible to determine which members of a population will develop a stochastic effect (cancer) if the entire population received the same absorbed dose?

A

Because a stochastic event is an all-or-none, random effect, ionizing radiation will normally induce some cancers within a large general population, but determining beforehand which members of that population will develop cancer is not possible

54
Q

What is the relationship between the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation to a population and the number of stochastic effects that may occur in that population as a result of the exposure?

A

Direct

55
Q

Describe the characteristics of the current radiation protection philosophy

A

A linear non-threshold relationship exists between radiation dose and biologic response. Thus, even the most minuscule dose of radiation has a nonzero possibility of causing some harm. The current philosophy also acknowledges that ionizing radiation possesses a beneficial potential.

56
Q

Identify the characteristics related to developing EDLs (effective dose limits)

A

Bodily injury and Hereditary damage

57
Q

What is the estimated risk of a fatal accident occurring over an entire careers in a “safe” occupation?

A

2.5%

58
Q

What is the NCRP’s recommendation to minimize occupational risk for a radiation worker?

A

Keep the internal cumulative EfD below age x 10 mSv

59
Q

What is the cumulative effective dose limit? What is excluded from this tool?

A

-Lifetime effective dose. Age x 10 mSv

  • Radiation exposure from natural background radiation
  • Medical imaging procedures
60
Q

NCRP Recommended Dose Limits table

A
61
Q

What is the relationship between mSv and rem?

A

1 rem = 10 mSv

62
Q

What is the purpose of establishing action limits for a facility and how are these helpful?

A

trigger an investigation when exceeded

63
Q

For most facilities, what is the common action limit?

A

1/10th of the annual dose limit (Personnel dosimeter readings should be well below 1/10th of the maximum EfD limits)

64
Q

What is the relationship between radiation hormesis and the linear- nonthreshold dose-response curve?

A

LNT states any amount of radiation could be harmful, hormesis states a small amount could be good so these contradict eachother

65
Q

What evidence is available to support the concept of radiation hormesis.

A

Japanese atomic bomb survivors exposed to 5 mSv to 50 mSv had reduced cancer death rate compared to normal population

66
Q

How does the concept of radiation hormesis relate to the conclusions of the BEIR V report?

A

There has been studies that contradicts the predictions of the BEIR V report. The studies suggest a potential radiation hormesis effect, which is a positive consequence of radiation for populations continuously exposed to moderately higher levels of radiation. Therefore, to assume a definite risk from minimal amounts of radiation exposure (two, three, or four times normal background levels) may be entirely incorrect.

67
Q

Explain why special effective limits have been set for the eye and “localized areas”.

A

Eyes and other organs are so small they may receive a unreasonably large dose even if the EfD is within the allowable limit

SPRING 2024: RADIATION PROTECTION Class Notes Flashcards (13 decks)

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