Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SPRING 2024: RADIATION PROTECTION Class Notes Flashcards > UNIT 2: Overview Of Cell Biology > Flashcards

UNIT 2: Overview Of Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability to operate in a normal manner despite any changes the body may undergo due to outside influences such as stress, exercise, injury, or disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence the activities of other parts of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antibodies

A

-Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B Lymphocytes
-Produced when other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong in the body
-Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nucleotide

A

Units formed from the following: a nitrogenous base such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine; a five-carbon sugar molecule, deoxyribose; and a phosphate molecule. Long chains of nucleotides are the basic building blocks of a nucleic acid such as DNA or RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA

A

A type of nucleic acid that carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication and regulation of cellular activity needed to direct protein synthesis. It is often referred to as the master chemical.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RNA

A

Processes protein, plays an essential part in the translation of genetic information from DNA into protein products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Somatic cell

A

All the cells in the human body other than female and male germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Germ cell

A

Male and female reproductive cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gene

A

Segments or portions of DNA that serve as the basic units of heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Human genome

A

The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mapping

A

The process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The force created when a semipermeable membrane separates two solutions of different concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ATP

A

(adenosine triphosphate) A type of molecule found in every cell. Its function is to store and supply the cell with energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

a double walled membrane with pores around the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Crossover

A

Process occurring during meiosis in which the chromatids exchange some chromosomal material (genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What tasks do cells perform to support our bodies?

A
  • Conduction of nerve impulses
  • Contraction of muscles
  • Support of various organs
  • Transportation of body fluids, such as blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What must the body provide to ensure efficient cell operation?

A
  • Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
  • Have enough water to transport inorganic
  • Supply oxygen to help break down the food
  • Have enough water to transport substances into and out of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Exposure to outside influences such as ionizing radiation may lead to:

A

cells either behave abnormally or die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cell Membrane

A
  • Structure encasing and surrounding the human cell
  • Functions as a barricade to protect cellular contents from the outside environment
  • Controls the passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

exists outside the cell’s nucleus and is primarily composed of water, but also contains: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Salts, Minerals

-Breaks down organic materials to produce energy
-Packages substances for distribution to other areas of the cell or to various sites in the body through the circulation
-Eliminates waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

vast, irregular network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting in all directions throughout the cytoplasm. The ER enables the cell to communicate with the extracellular environment and transfer food and molecules from one part of the cell to another. Functions as the highway system of the cell. There is smooth ER (no ribosomes attached) and rough ER (has numerous ribosomes attached).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Minute vesicles that extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane. They consist of tiny sacs located near the nucleus. The Golgi apparatus unites large carbohydrate molecules and then combines them with proteins to form glycoproteins. These minute pouches transport enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so that they can exit the cell, enter the bloodstream, and be carried to the areas of the body where they are required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Large, double-membranous structures containing highly organized enzymes in their inner membranes that supply the energy for cells. Power house of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small sacs or single membrane spherical bodies that are of great importance for digestion within the cytoplasm. Their primary function is breaking down of large molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Ribosomes

A

Very small, spherical, cytoplasmic organelles that attach to the endoplasmic reticulum; they are the assembly sites where mRNA and tRNA combine amino acids into proteins. They are the cell’s “protein factories”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Centrosomes/ Centrioles

A

Centrosomes are structures, located in the center of the cell near the nucleus at each end of the mitotic spindle, that contain the centrioles. Centrioles play a significant role in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Nucleus

A

The center of the cell; a spherical mass of protoplasmcontaining the genetic material (DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Nucleolus

A

A small body in the nucleus of a cell that contains protein and RNA and is the site for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and for the formation of ribosomal subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Protoplasm

A

The chemical building material for all living things, Complex process of metabolism, Reception and processing of food and oxygen, Elimination of waste product. Organic and Inorganic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Amino Acids

A

-Structural units of proteins.
-Essentially composed of combinations of NH2 (called amine) and cooH (carboxyl group) molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Repair Enzymes

A
  • Can mend damaged molecules and are therefore capable of helping the cell to recover from a small amount of radiation-induced damage
  • Vital to the survival of cells
  • Work effectively in both the diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • Make up approximately 1% of cell content
  • Include starches and various sugars
  • Range from simple to complex
  • Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body
    *Primary purpose is to provide fuel for cell metabolism
  • Most abundant in the liver and in muscle tissue
  • Important structural parts of cell walls and intercellular materials
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Identify the four major classes of organic compounds in the body

A
  • Proteins
  • Lipids (fats)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic Acid
35
Q

How many different amino acids do humans require?

A

22

36
Q

Describe the relationship between antibodies, antigens, B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

A

Antibodies are Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes (Lymphocytes are white blood cells involved in the body’s immune reactions.) Antibodies are Produced when other lymphocytes in the body (T lymphocytes) detect the presence of molecules that do not belong to the body. Antibodies Chemically attack any foreign invaders aka antigens

37
Q

Identify the primary energy source for the cell

A

Glucose

38
Q

Differentiate between the following prefixes: mono-, di-, poly-

A

-Mono: one simple sugar
-Di: two simple sugars
-Poly: many molecules of simple sugar

39
Q

In which parts of the body are carbohydrates found in large quantities?

A

Liver and Muscle tissue

40
Q

Where are lipids commonly found in the body?

A

All body tissue

41
Q

Describe the shape of a DNA molecule and what components compromise the DNA molecule?

A
  • Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains, which twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are linked by pairs of nitrogenous organic bases at the sugar molecule of the chain
  • Hydrogen bonds attach the bases to each other
  • Carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication
42
Q

What structure is termed the “master chemical” and explain why it is given this title?

A

DNA because it contains all of the information a cell needs to function. It regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis and determines a person’s characteristics

43
Q

Explain the function of RNA

A

Processes protein, plays an essential part in the translation of genetic information from DNA into protein products

44
Q

Differentiate between DNA and RNA

A

-RNA: long single stranded chain of cells, Ribose as the sugar, has the nitrogenous base Uracil, preforms many different biologic functions, shorter nucleotides
-DNA: 2 long sugar-phosphate chains, Deoxyribose as the sugar, has the nitrogenous base Thymine, carries genetic information, longer nucleotides

45
Q

Identify the four bases found in RNA

A

-Uracil(U)
-Adenine(A)
-Cytosine(C)
-Guanine(G)

46
Q

Identify the four bases found in DNA

A

-Adenine (A)
-Cytosine (C)
-Guanine (G)
-Thymine (T)

47
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

mRNA leaves the nucleus and, once in the cytoplasm, directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids

48
Q

What is the role of tRNA

A

Combines with individual amino acids from different areas of the cell and attaches them to the ribosomes where amino acids are arranged in specific orders to form chainlike protein molecules. Linking with its corresponding amino acid in the correct order, proteins necessary to provide for the needs of the cell are produced.

49
Q

How many chromosomes are normally found in a human somatic cell? How many pairs?

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

50
Q

How many chromosomes are normally found in the nucleus of a human germ cell?

A

23 chromosomes

51
Q

Genes are responsible for

A

-Directing cytoplasmic activities
-Controlling growth and development of the cell
-Transmitting various aspects of hereditary information (e.g., hair color, blood type, general body characteristics, etc.)

52
Q

genes control

A

the formation of proteins in every cell through the intricate process of parentally shared genetic coding

53
Q

What was discovered during the human genome project in 2001?

A

Deciphering the human genome. They uncovered the entire sequence of DNA base pairs (i.e., all of the “rungs” of the DNA ladder structure) on all 46 chromosomes. The groups found that there are 2.9 billion base pairs in the human genome and that these base pairs are arranged into approximately 30,000 genes. It is estimated that these genes are capable of producing at least 90,000 different proteins.

54
Q

What (if any) are the benefits of the outcome from the human genome project?

A

researchers can find a gene suspected of causing an inherited disease in a matter of days, rather than the years it took before the genome sequence was discovered

55
Q

Differentiate between organic and inorganic compounds

A

• Organic compounds: compounds that contain all carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Inorganic compounds: compounds that do NOT contain carbon

56
Q

Inorganic acids examples and function

A

-HNO3 (nitric acid)
-Attack and dissolve metal

57
Q

Inorganic bases example and function

A

-Mg(OH)2 (milk of magnesia)
-Neutralize acids

58
Q

Salts (Electrolytes) examples and function

A

-Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Calcium (Ca+), etc
-Substances that become ions in solution and thereby have the capacity to conduct electricity. The balance of electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and organs

59
Q

Describe what happens if there is:
● not enough water in a cell:
● too much water in a cell:

A

● not enough water in a cell: the cell will collapse, resulting in a lack of ability to continue normal biologic function
● too much water in a cell: the cell most likely will rupture

60
Q

Identify the role of water in the human body

A

-Within the cell:
* Is the medium in which the chemical reactions that are the basis of metabolic activities occur
* Acts as a solvent, keeping compounds dissolved so that they can more easily interact and their concentration may be regulated

-Outside the cell:
* Functions as a transport vehicle for materials the cell uses or eliminates
* Is responsible for maintaining a constant body core temperature of 98.6° F (37° C)
* Lubricates both the digestive system and skeletal articulations
* Protects organs such as the brain and lungs

61
Q

Describe osmosis and how mineral salts contribute to this process

A

-When water tends to move across cell surfaces or membranes into areas in which a high concentration of potassium ions is present
-Keep correct proportion of water in the cell to maintain osmotic pressure Necessary for Proper cell performance, Creation of energy, Conduction of impulses along nerves. Ions, constituents of salt, via chemical reaction cause materials to be altered, broken down, and recombined to form new substances.

62
Q

Active Transport

A

requires energy to move substances against a concentration or electrical gradient

63
Q

Passive Transport

A

does not require energy as substances move along their gradient

64
Q

Differentiate between oxidation and ionization

A

-Oxidation: any chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons
-lonization: atom losses one or more electrons and becomes an ion

65
Q

What might occur if radiation interacts with and damages a lysosome?

A

the cell wouldn’t be able to function properly (maybe even die) due to it not being able to flight against invading viruses/bacteria and it can no longer break down worn out cell parts

66
Q

Describe the relationship between DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, genes, and chromatids

A

Proteins and DNA within the nucleoplasm are arranged in long threads called chromatin. Chromatin is essentially a less condensed or less tightly packed form of the cell’s DNA that, together with various proteins, during the division of a cell contracts into the tiny rod-shaped bodies that are called chromosomes. The genetic history of the cell is contained within the chromosomes in the segments of DNA called genes. A single-strand chromosome gets duplicated during S phase, and the duplicates are joined together in an X-shape configuration to form a new chromosome. Each crossed arm of this new chromosome is called a sister chromatid.

67
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

Mitosis:
-A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells identical to the parent cell.
-A process in which the nucleus first divides, followed by the division of the cytoplasm
-Process that occurs when all somatic cells divide

Meiosis:
-Special type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
-A process of reduction cell division
-Process that occurs when genetic cells divide

68
Q

Mitosis results in:

A

approximately equal distribution of all cellular material between the two daughter cells

69
Q

Interphase: G1

A

Earliest period among reproductive events. G1 is the gap in the growth of the cell that occurs between mitosis and DNA synthesis. This phase may take a few minutes, or it may take several hours. G1 is designated as the pre-DNA synthesis period. During G1, a form of RNA is manufactured in the cells that are to reproduce. This RNA is needed before actual DNA creation can efficiently begin.

70
Q

Interphase: S

A

S is the actual DNA synthesis period. It is pretty long, lasting up to 15 hours. While in S phase, each DNA molecule contained within the chromosome is first copied (replicated) and then is divided into two individual sister components called chromatids, each containing DNA molecules. By the end of the S phase these chromatids will join together to form a new chromosome that has an X-shaped structure(each of the identical genetic pieces has now become one half of a new chromosome.)

71
Q

Interphase: G2

A

G2 is the post-DNA manufacturing interval in the cellular life cycle. G2 lasts approximately 1 to 5 hours. During G2, cells manufacture certain proteins and RNA molecules, which are needed for initiating and completing the subsequent Mitosis process. Directly after G2, cells enter the first phase of Mitosis, and the process of division starts.

72
Q

Mitosis phases in order

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

73
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A

first phase of cell division, the nucleus enlarges, the DNA complex (the chromatid network of threads) coils up tightly, and the chromatids become visible on stained microscopic slides. Chromosomes enlarge, and the DNA begins to assume structural form. Next, the nuclear membrane disappears, and the centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell and begin to regulate the formation of the mitotic spindle, the delicate fibers that are attached to the centrioles and extend from one side of the cell to the other across the equator of the cell

74
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A

the mitotic spindle forms between the centrioles. Each chromosome which now consists of two chromatids, lines up in the center of the cell attached by its centromere to the mitotic spindle. This configuration establishes the stability by inhibiting the action of a protein called separase, whose primary function is to break down the protein complex cohesin.

75
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A

dissolution of cohesin by active separase proteins leads to the separation of sister chromatids. With the removal of active cohesion, the centromeres are severed and the sister chromatids move apart and are subsequently pulled toward opposite poles of the spindle. During this progression, the chromatids acquire a shape that is
similar to a V placed on its side

76
Q

Mitosis: Telophase

A

the chromatids undergo changes in appearance by uncoiling and becoming long, loosely spiraled threads. Simultaneously, the nuclear membrane forms anew, and two nuclei (one for each new daughter cell) appear. The cytoplasm of the parent cell then divides into two daughter cells (cytokinesis) near its equator to separately surround each new nucleus. After this cell division is complete, each daughter cell has a whole cell membrane and contains exactly the same amount of genetic material (46 chromosomes) as the parent cell

77
Q

In which mitotic phase can chromosome damage be evaluated?

A

Metaphase

78
Q

Meiosis results in

A

four daughter cells that are haploid, which means they contain half the number of chromosomes of the diploid parent cell

79
Q

What is Monozygotic?

A

The two offspring would be referred to as monozygotic (coming from one zygote) twins. Monozygotic twins are also known as identical twins

80
Q

What is Dizygotic?

A

fraternal twins coming from 2 zygotes(may not have the same sex or appearance)

81
Q

What is Polyzygotic?

A

More than two twins (triplets, etc.) coming from 3 or more zygotes

82
Q

VIDEO: MITOSIS MADE SUPER EASY, MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofjyw7ARP1c

83
Q

Protoplasm Composition

A
84
Q

Parts of the cell labeled

A

SPRING 2024: RADIATION PROTECTION Class Notes Flashcards (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions