unit 3 defenitions Flashcards
Liberalism
political beleif of individual freedom and equal rights
Laissez-faire politics
economic theory from 18th century strongly opposed to any gov intervention is political affairs
(directly translates to “leave it”)
Nationalism
emotional awarenes of cultural ties possesed by ppl
Conservatism
political + social attitude beleiving in maintain continuty in society and in making gradual changes with as little dislocation as possible
Evolutionary and constitutional
willing to accept change + constitution
Counter-Revolutionary and reactionary
upheld traditional authority, resistant to change
Utilitarianism
ethical doctrine that morality of an action is solely determined by overall utility (greater good)
Edmund Burke
father of conservatism
Jeremy Bentham
most influencial utalitarian
capitalism
economic theory > control of production should be in the hands of those who invest the capital for production
socialism
economic + political system where private property is abolished and means of production are collectively owned
communism
socioeconomic structure > that promotes classless, stateless society based on common ownership of means of production
Karl Marx
influncial communist, co author of the communist manifesto
Communist manifesto
written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels main goals > showcase communism, focus on class stuggle, motivate common people to riot
the congress system/ congress of vienna
system of despute resolution created by the main conservative powers in Europe in 1814
opium wars
britan importing opium 2 china, causing drug problem in chiana therefore forcing china to ban its imporation > britan declaring war on china
results: britan won
free trade
trade policy that does not restrict exports or imports
industrial revolution
Britan 1750
Social+economic changes > transition from stable agricultural society to modern complex industrial society
multiplier effect
the cycle of consumer demand, investment and innovations that drove the Industrial Revolution
nation-state
a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous (the same) in factors such as language or common descent.
Franco-Prussian war
France’s attempt to reassert itself as dominant control in continental Europe
North German Confederation (led by Kingdom of Prussia) vs Second French Empire
1870-71
Otto von Bismarck
prussian chancellor
used war to his advanatge by unifying some german states into new alliances
German Confederation 1815
- brought together 39 states, including the larger and more powerful Prussia and Austria
- purpose was not to unite the states but to keep political structure in small absolutist states
pidemont
the only Italian state in Italy ruled by Italians, and with a freely elected parliament.
safe space for Italian liberals
Camillo di Cavour
- prime minister of pidemont
- after vsit 2 parlimet > convinced that social change could be implemented better by parliament than by revolution and conspiracy
- took steps to modernize the state
imperialism
- Imperialism = policy or ideology of extending the rule over ppls and other countries
- Largest empire = greatest power + wealth
empire
a political unit made up of several states + ppls
colonialism
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
new imperialism
after 1870 euro powers began to rely on colonization of formal empires rather than informal
scramble for africa
the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa
boer war
> gold + dimonds in south africa = region strategically & economically important
brits vs boers (descendants of dutch settlers in SA)
geopolitical
geographic, economic, and demographic influence on state’s foreign policies
Cash crops
agricultural products are grown primarily for exporting purposes.
Indentured labourers
( may be voluntrary or to pay off debt) essentially slavery (workers under contract without pay)
herbert spencer
famous for hypothesis on social darwinism
social Darwinism
hypothesis that competition among all individuals, groups, nations or ideas drives social evolution in human societies.
