unit 3 concepts (long response) Flashcards
What is parental care? How does chick gape color affect feeding rates in swallows?
How does begging intensity change with chick genetic relatedness? Why?
behavior parents exhibit to take care of offspring. In the chicks, the red gape gets fed more. With begging, chicks are less likely to beg as much when in the nest with full siblings(less feel of competition)
Explain how cuckoo birds parasitize their hosts and how their eggs have evolved
to mimic their hosts.
these birds are like parents putting their child up for adoption. The cuckoo birds have evolved to mimic the color and shape of the egg they lay their foreign egg in
What is meant by cooperative breeding (helping) in birds? Are helpers usually genetically related to
the chicks they help raise?
system where birds other than those that mated help with the upbringing of the offspring. The helpers can be related or not
What is meant by extra-pair copulations in birds?
there are monogamous pairings that produce offspring. At one point one of the parents can go and reproduce with another bird
What is meant by two-fold advantage of asexual versus sexual reproduction?
What are some other costs of sexual reproduction (in terms of mating)?
overall faster reproduction and also there is no need for a male so thats two. There are costs of sexial reproduction. One is finding a mate and another is uncertainties
Explain the process of how sexual lineages are able to acquire successful (favorable)
combinations of alleles more quickly than asexual lineages
genetic recombination, crossing over, independent assortment, and selection.
Explain the process of how sexual lineages are able to eliminate deleterious alleles
(mutations) more efficiently than asexual lineages
recombination can break up mutation associations, along with natural selection acting on those with mutation
How might male suicide in redback spiders actually benefit the male? Why would
he try to escape under some conditions but not others?
it benefits survival of lineage and takes away future competition for males that may have to compete to spread offspring. Some may try to escape and there are factor like size or previous experience that lead them to believe they can escape
Parasites dull male plumage in birds, so why do bird families with more parasites
have brighter males?
it comes to selection. A thing called the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis states that species with more parasites have brighter colors. The bright colors can also signify to potential mates they are more healthy
Why are equal male-female sex ratios common?
there are factors like environment and competition, natural selection, and parental investment
What is senescence
the process of aging
what is bipedalism?
way of movement reliant on two limbs.
what are primary consequences of bipedalism and what are secondary.
Primary-
- longer legs and shorter arms
-rotation of toes
-rotation of pelvis
Secondary-
-pelvis is smaller and there is a smaller birth canal. The baby comes out smaller and brain growth mainly occurs after birth so more learning.
-changes in hands
Know when the Paleolithic Revolution occurred and be able to explain why it is surprising that it
occurred so late.
this was suprising due to the cognitive ability that was present already, with that it would make sense for progress to happen quicker
Why are males with elaborate features like colorful peacock tails favored by females
Males that can survive despite the loud features are likely to have good genes
