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bio 240 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotes are mostly unicellular T/F

A

False

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2
Q

Simple multicellularity has evolved approximately how many times?

A

15

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3
Q

What are the 6 groups of complex multicellularity

A

Fungi (5 million species)
Animals(1.5 million species)
Land plants(380 thousand species and their relatives)
Red Algae(6500 species)
Brown Algae(2000 species)
other green algae (<10,000 species)

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4
Q

Out of the complex multicellularity what are the 3 main groups

A

fungi, animals, land plants

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5
Q

What is an opistokont?

A

animals, fungi, protists and some obscure groups

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6
Q

what is the worlds largest organism
A. Blue whale
B. A humongous fungus
C. Hyperion- tallest redwood
D. A quaking aspen grove in Colorado

A

Humongous fungus aka honey fungus

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7
Q

What is mycology

A

Mycology is the study of fungi
(myco- prefix meaning fungus)

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8
Q

What is hypha

A

fungal filament composed of one or more cells

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9
Q

what is mycelium

A

mass of fungal hyphae

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10
Q

Fungi are organisms that derive nutrients from decaying organic matter. What is the term to describe this

A

saprobes

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11
Q

Fungi decompose organic material to make it bio available what are the two main organic materials?

A

nitrogen and phosphorous

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12
Q

What group did animals rise from evolutionary wise?

A

holozoans a group of protists that are not well studied

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13
Q

What are animals closest unicellular ancestor?

A

choanoflagellates

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14
Q

When thinking of evolutionary trees and cellularity what are ways to describe animal groups.

A
  • A clade
  • Multicellularity evolved in the ancestor of clade
  • heterotrophic (do not make own energy)
  • Diplontic (multicellular stages are diploid while only gametes are haploid)
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15
Q

when describing animals it was listed there is a clade, multicellularity, they are heterotrophic and diplontic. What are exceptions for each key piece

A
  • multicellularity evolved in this clade
    *there is the (Unicellular) cnidrian parasite
  • heterotrophic
    *symbiotic algae in corals and other marine organisms
  • Diplontic
    *haplodiploidy- unfertilized males are haploid and fertilized females diploid (bees, ants, wasps)
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16
Q

What are the five main animal groups

A

Porifera- sponges
placozoa-blobs
ctenophores- comb jellies
cnidaria- jellies, corals
bilateria- insects, vertebrates, worms, crustaceans,spiders

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17
Q

what are the major axes of animal diversity?

A

Bilateral symetry, radial symetry, asymetry

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18
Q

what is the feeding process of sponges (phylum porifera)

A

sponges use choanocytes to make a current through their body to catch food particles, then amoebocytes filter and digest the food internally to provide nourishment to the sponge intracellularly

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19
Q

what are some traits/ characteristics and things to know about phylum ctenophora (Radiata)

A

-About 100 species
- Lack cnidocytes of cnidarians(way to harm prey)
- use colloblasts (sticky cells on tentaces) to capture prey
- move by using cilia against plates

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20
Q

what are some traits/ characteristics and things to know about phylum cnidaria

A

-9000 species
-gastrovascular cavity is lined with gastrodermis which helps movement and acts as hydrostatic skeleton
-mobility is achieved by contracting the epidermis
-Can be polyp like a coral being sedentary and asexual or medusa like a jellyfish and move around and be sexual.

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21
Q

the life cycle of an animals starts with a zygote what are the series of mitotic cell divisions that occur?

A

zygote —-> Eight cell stage ——> Blastula –> gastrula cross section

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22
Q

what is cleavage

A

rapid cell division after fertilization, turns one cell into many smaller ones.

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23
Q

what is blastula?

A

(hollow sphere)happens after the division 100s to 1000s of cell clusters

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24
Q

what is gastrulation

A

production of an embryo with 2-3 layers and an opening to the outside forming an organism

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25
Q

what are the layers that gastrulation produces?

A

embryonic germ layers
-The ectoderm forms the outer layer
-The endoderm forms the digestive tract
-The mesoderm partly fills space between the endoderm and ectoderm

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26
Q

how many germ layers do radially symetric (dipoblast) animals develop?

A

2

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27
Q

how many germ layers do bilaterally symetric animals (tripoblasts) develop?

A

3

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28
Q

what belongs to the class of scyphozoa?

A

-jellies
-all marine, free swimming
-open ocean species lack polyp

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29
Q

What are the 5 major groups of animals?

A

Porifera- sponges
ctenophores- comb jellies
placozoa- simple blobs
cnidaria- jellies and corals
bilateria- most species all terrestrial

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30
Q

what are the 3 major groups of bilateria?

A

Ecdyosozoa
lophotrochozoa
deuterostomes

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31
Q

what are the two main groups within ecdyosozoa?

A

Arthropods- insects, arachnids, crustaceans
nematodes- worms

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32
Q

what are the two main groups within lophotrochozoa?

A

Molluscs- muscular foot, soft flesh outside, bilateral symetry (snails,clams, octopus_
platyhelminthes- flat, bilaterally symmetric, simple (tapeworms)

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33
Q

what are two main groups of deuterostomes

A

vertebrates- endoskeleton, bilateral symetry, backbone (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
echinoderms- pentaradial symetry, endoskeleton, spiky surface (seastars, sea urchin)

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34
Q

what group from the 5 major groups of animals is the vast majority of animals?

A

Bilateria

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35
Q

species number and symetry of porifera?

A

50,000 species and Asymetric

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36
Q

number of species and symetry of ctenophores?

A

186 species and radially symetric

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37
Q

number of species and symetry for placozoa?

A

about 4 species and possibly asymetric

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38
Q

number of species and symetry of cnidaria?

A

135,000 species and radially symetric

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39
Q

number of species and symetry of bilateria?

A

millions of species and bilaterally symetric

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40
Q

what are the top ecdysozoas and whats their respective species number?

A

Arthropods-3.7 million
Nematodes- 15,000
Tardigrades-700
Nematomorpha- 250

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41
Q

what is the species count for various deutererostomes?

A

Chordate-
*vertebrates-60000
*urochordates-3000
*cephalochordates-25
Echinoderm- 17000
xenocoelomorpha- 450
hemichordates-130

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42
Q

what is bilateral symetry?

A

mirroring left and right or top and bottom

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43
Q

what is radial rotational symetry?

A

identical under rotation think of a starfish there is an axis in the middle

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44
Q

what is a germ layer

A

number of seperate layers during early development.

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45
Q

Which is triplobastic?
cnidaria
ctenophores
placozoa
anthozoa
none of the above

A

none of the above
All are diplobastic

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46
Q

which of the following is not one of the major five groups of animals?
Bilateria
ctenophores
vertebrates
invertebrates

A

vertebrates
invertebrates

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47
Q

what does it mean to be monophyletic

A

group consists of an ancestor and all descendants but no other organisms

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48
Q

are animals monophyletic?

A

All animals are monophyletic because they all share a common ancestor

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49
Q

are diploblastic animals monophyletic?

A

no they are not reason being they are not as complex

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50
Q

what makes an animal diploblastic?

A

refers to an animal with two germ layers during embryonic development ectoderm and endoderm. animals like this are cnidarians(jelly fish) and ctenophores(comb jellies)

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51
Q

are invertebrates monophyletic?

A

no this is due to vertebrates being excluded

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52
Q

which 2 animals lack true tissues
-placozoa and sponges
-ctenophores and cnidaria
-ctenophores and sponges
-bilateria

A

placozoa and sponges

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53
Q

what 5 things do an animal need to sustain life?

A

obtain food
move
survive from beginning of life to reproduction
distribution of oxygen to all tissues and cells
reproduce

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54
Q

what is a coelom and what makes a coelom true vs a “fake” one? and what is it called when the coelom is absent?

A

-body cavity that forms during early development
- a true coelom develops in the middle of the mesoderm
-a false coelom develops between germ layers
-Acoelom is when there is no coelom

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55
Q

what are the 3 functions of the coelomic cavity?

A

Circulation- digestive products are absorbed and excretory products are processed
Reproduction- In many animals gametes are shed in a coelomic cavity and this happens before mating allowing more to be exchanged
Support- without a skeleton a space filled with fluid can act as a support. this is a hydrostatic skeleton

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56
Q

what are the 5 types of parental care?

A

-no parental care
-maternal
-bipaternal
-paternal
-allopaternal (non parents)

57
Q

what are the 4 food preferences?

A

-carnivore
-herbivore
-omnivore
-parasite

58
Q

what are the types of movement (3 types)

A

-active
-passive (marine organisms)
-cessile (attached to cessile)

59
Q

what are the 3 types of skeletons?

A

-internal skeleton
-external skeleton
-hydrostatic skeleton
*cavities filled with water

60
Q

what are the types of sociality

A

-solitary
-social
-division of labor
-Eusocial (division of labor at level of reproduction)
*queen society where a single female monopolizes reproduction

61
Q

what is sex vs asex when thinking of sexual reproduction

A

-obligate sexuality meaning sex is the only way to reproduce
-obligate asexuality is when asexual reproduction is the only way

62
Q

How do Cnidarians capture food?

A

carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey. the tentacles are armed with cnidocytes that defend and capture prey

63
Q

what class in molluscs are snails and slugs apart of?

A

class gastropoda (shells, foot)

64
Q

what class are squids, octopuses, and nautiluses apart of?

A

class cephalopoda this is due to the tentacles they have

65
Q

what class are clams and oysters apart of?

A

class bivalvia (belong to molluscs under invertebrates) also have two separate shells

66
Q

what class do segmented worms belong to? and what are some examples?

A

phylum annelida which are apart of lophotrochozoa .
* earthwprms and leeches are an example

67
Q

what divides segmenets in worms?

A

septa

68
Q

What class is being described? “inhabit fresh water and have a complete digestive tract. These reproduce by parthogenesis”

A

Rotifers

69
Q

phylum nemertea are commonly called what? where do they live

A

ribbon worms and they live in marine environments

70
Q

what are the four major lineages of arthropods and example for each (4)

A

Chelicerata (scorpions, spiders)
Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes)
crustacea(crabs and lobster)
hexapoda (insects and relatives)

71
Q

on a tree are vertebrates on the branch of invertebrates with branches off of various vertebrates

A

yes

72
Q

where des the anus form from in deuterostomes?

A

the blastophore

73
Q

what distinguishing characteristics does phylum chordata have?

A

-pharyngeal gill slits- allow water to leave gut
-muscular postanal tail- for movement
-notochord- early development form of spine
- A dorsal hollow nerve tube- the foundation for our nervous system

74
Q

which of the following is a triploblast?
-squid
-ctenophore
-sponge
-jelly
-coral

A

squid

75
Q

what differentiates a protosome and a deuterostome?

A

mouth first for a protostome and mouth second for a deuterostome during early development

76
Q

are multicellular eukaryotes monophyletic?

A

yes because they include all descendants of a common ancestor and no other organisms

77
Q

Are fish a monophyletic group

A

no, they do not include all descendants of a common ancestor one example is tetrapods being excluded

78
Q

Which order of insects can also manipulate
sex of offspring (though haplodiploidy)?
A) Coleoptera
B) Lepidoptera
C) Hymenoptera
D) Diptera

A

hymenoptera

79
Q

What are challenges for vertebrates that were transitioning to land

A

loss of water
change in temp
loss of buoyancy

80
Q

Which of the following are “costs” of parental care?
A) Reduction in energy left for females to produce future offspring
B) Loss of outside mating opportunities for males providing care
C) Effort spent by males on raising chicks that are not their own
D) All of the above are potential costs

A

all of the above

81
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

an offspring genes all come from one individual parent (budding or prathogenesis)

82
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

an offspring is created by fusion of male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (eggs)

83
Q

If the environment limits each individual to having just four offspring per
generation
A) An asexual lineage of 10 individuals will produce 160
grandchildren in two generations
B) A sexual lineage of 10 individuals (5 females, 5 males) will
produce 40 grandchildren in two generations
C) Both A and B are true
D) None of the above are true

A

D

84
Q

What is the major shared feature of Ecdysozoa?

A

process of ecdysis (molting)

85
Q

Give two examples of a group of animals that have a hydrostatic skeleton

A

Annelids- earthworms and leeches
cnidarians- jellyfish, corals

86
Q

Give two examples of a group of animals that exhibit an exoskeleton

A

Arthropods-insects, spiders,
Mollusks- snails, clams

87
Q

Give one example of an animal group that exhibits an internal skeleton

A

chordates- fish, amphibians, mammals

88
Q

What is the Cambrian explosion?

A

Around 541 million years ago, there was a significant increase in the variety of life forms on Earth. This event, known as the Cambrian explosion, marked a time when many new types of complex organisms appeared relatively quickly.

89
Q

What is the difference between diploblasts and triploblasts?

A

triploblasts are three layers and instead of ectoderm and endoderm only there is a mesoderm in the middle. this allows for more complex organ systems

90
Q

Which of the five major animal groups are triploblasts?

A

bilateria

91
Q

Which of the three major groups of bilateria accouts for the most species?

A

Ecdysozoa

92
Q

Which of the four major groups of arthropods accounts for the most species?

A

class insecta

93
Q

What are the three major groups of multicellular organisms on earth?

A

fungi, plants, animals

94
Q

what are the two main groups of multicellular organisms

A

animalia and plantae

95
Q

Name four ways in which bilaterian animals are typically different from other animals

A

-Bilateral symetry
-cephalization
- triploblastic development
-segmentation

96
Q

what is cephalization?

A

defined head region and this is where senses are directed.

97
Q

What is the difference between hemimetabolous and holometabolous?

A

in hemimetabolous nymphs look like smaller versions of adults no complete metamorphisis . in holometabolous insects theres distinct life cycles and they are more drastic so complete metamorphisis

98
Q

what is the evidence that
holometabolous development is beneficial in insects?

A

-there is specialization for each stage
-reduced competition
-protection
-dispersal
-adaptability for each stage
-all four major groups are holometabolous

99
Q

Which group of arthropods exhibits extensive paternal care?

A

arachnid (chelicerata), Myriapoda

100
Q

An organism can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, what type of sexuality are the?

A

facultative

101
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

filter feeding (use choanocytes)

102
Q

What is the simplest of the five major animal groups?

A

placozoa

103
Q

What are the three major groups of bilaterian animals?

A

-Ecdyosozoa
-Lophotrochozoa
-Deuterostomes

104
Q

what group belongs to ecdyoszoas?

A

arthropods
-Spiders
-Insects
-Millipedes
-Ticks
-Lobster
-Crab
nematodes

105
Q

what group belongs to Lophotrochozoa

A

Molluscs
-Squid
-Snails
-Clams
-Bivalves
Platyhelminthes
-Trematodes
-Cestodes

106
Q

what group belongs to deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderms
-Sea stars
-Sea urchins
vertebrates

107
Q

what belongs to cnidaria group ?

A

coral, jellies, sea anemone

108
Q

what belongs to porifera group

A

sponges

109
Q

what belongs to ctenophores group?

A

comb jellies

110
Q

What are two features of platyhelminthes?

A

-flattened body
-triploblastic and bilaterally symetrical
-

111
Q

What are the three major unifying features of anthropods?

A

-hard skeleton
-segmented body
-jointed appendages

112
Q

Which bilaterian group shows pentaradial symmetry in the adult stage

A

echinodermata
-ex starfish

113
Q

Which major group of animals is primarily asexual?

A

Porifera

114
Q

Name a major modification of the mollusc body plan that occurred in squids and octopuses

A

the tentacles are a modification

115
Q

Name a major modification of the mollusc body plan that occurred in clams and other bivalves

A

the evolution of a shell with two hinged halves

116
Q

What are the three major subgroups of molluscs

A

-gastropoda, these are most of the molluscs and snails and slugs are apart of the group
-Bivalvia, have a hinged two part shell and clams and oysters are apart of the group, found in freshwater/marine
-Cephalopoda, large heads and well developed nervous system, squids and octopus are a part of the group

117
Q

What are the two major subgroups of cnidaria, and what is their major distinguishing feature.

A

Scyphozoa- jelly like, free swimming medusa. look like a bell with hanging tentacles think of jellyfish.
Anthozoa- sea anemone and corals, attach themselves to rock. look like blobs or tubes.

118
Q

What are the four largest groups of insects?

A

-coleoptera- beetles
-lepidoptera- butterflies and moths
-hymenoptera- ants, bees, and wasps
-diptera- flies and mosquitoes

119
Q

Match the insect group to its major feature:
1. 2 flying wings
2. Elytra (covering derived from forewing)
3. Halteres (balancing organ derived from . hindwing)
4. Haplodiploidy
5. Proboscis

A

1.Diptera (flies and mosquitoes)
2.coleoptera (beetles)
3. Diptera (flies)
4. hymnoptera (ants, wasps, bees)
5. lepidoptera (butterlfies and moths)

120
Q

what is haplodiploidy?

A

males are haploid and come from unfertilized eggs so have one set of chromosomes. Females are diploid and come from fertilized eggs and two sets of chromosomes

121
Q

Which mammal trait evolved relatively late
within mammals?
A. Hair
B. Vivaparity (live birth)
C. Lactation (milk)
D. Parental care
E. The vertebral column

A

viviparity- embryo develops in body

122
Q

Which of the following are not reptiles?
A. Birds
B. Frogs
C. Dinosaurs
D. Snakes
E. Turtles

A

frogs are amphibians

123
Q

what is the lottery ticket hypothesis?

A

important traits/features can happen luckily. Basically complex things dont always happen in a complex way.

124
Q

what is the tangled bank hypothesis?

A

in nature all living things are interconnected. Animals and plants rely on eachother and their environment in many ways.

125
Q

what is the “red queen” hypothesis

A

organisms must constantly evolve to keep up with an environment that constantly evolves.

126
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

The ability for a female to produce without a males fertilization

127
Q

What is sexual selection? Within how does intersexual differ to intrasexual selection?

A

-sexual selection is the advantage one may have over others of the same sex and species.
-intersexual selection is female choice of males driving evolution of male traits.
-Intrasexual is the same sex competing for a mate

128
Q

why do male spiders sacrifice themselves?

A

it is beneficial to their offspring’s success

129
Q

what has the least modifications relative to the classic mollusc body plan?

A

snails

130
Q

what is a monotreme

A

group of mammals that lay eggs

131
Q

What is a echinoderm

A

marine invertebrates with radial symmetry and 5 equal part

132
Q

what makes hexapods of the arthropod group the most modern?

A

adaptability, flight, diversity,

133
Q

why is it thought that menopause evolved?

A

selection for older females to take care of non offspring relatives

134
Q

what is a clade?

A

group of organisms from common ancestor.

135
Q

what does it mean to be diplontic?

A

in an organism it is made of diploid cells while reproductive cells are haploid

136
Q

what are the top species of lophotrochozoa

A

Mollusca-50,000
platyhelminthes-10,000
bryozoa-5,000
rotifers-2200
nemertea-1400

137
Q

what is number of species for each ?
* Platyhelmenthies
* Turbellaria
* Trematoda
* Cestodes
* Monogenea

A

1.10,000
2.4500
3.1500
4.3400
5.1100

138
Q

Annelids
* Bryozoa
* Rotifers
* Nemertea

A
  1. 15000
  2. 5000
  3. 2200
  4. 1400

bio 240 (6 decks)

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