Unit 3 Flashcards
Eukaryotes are mostly unicellular T/F
False
Simple multicellularity has evolved approximately how many times?
15
What are the 6 groups of complex multicellularity
Fungi (5 million species)
Animals(1.5 million species)
Land plants(380 thousand species and their relatives)
Red Algae(6500 species)
Brown Algae(2000 species)
other green algae (<10,000 species)
Out of the complex multicellularity what are the 3 main groups
fungi, animals, land plants
What is an opistokont?
animals, fungi, protists and some obscure groups
what is the worlds largest organism
A. Blue whale
B. A humongous fungus
C. Hyperion- tallest redwood
D. A quaking aspen grove in Colorado
Humongous fungus aka honey fungus
What is mycology
Mycology is the study of fungi
(myco- prefix meaning fungus)
What is hypha
fungal filament composed of one or more cells
what is mycelium
mass of fungal hyphae
Fungi are organisms that derive nutrients from decaying organic matter. What is the term to describe this
saprobes
Fungi decompose organic material to make it bio available what are the two main organic materials?
nitrogen and phosphorous
What group did animals rise from evolutionary wise?
holozoans a group of protists that are not well studied
What are animals closest unicellular ancestor?
choanoflagellates
When thinking of evolutionary trees and cellularity what are ways to describe animal groups.
- A clade
- Multicellularity evolved in the ancestor of clade
- heterotrophic (do not make own energy)
- Diplontic (multicellular stages are diploid while only gametes are haploid)
when describing animals it was listed there is a clade, multicellularity, they are heterotrophic and diplontic. What are exceptions for each key piece
- multicellularity evolved in this clade
*there is the (Unicellular) cnidrian parasite - heterotrophic
*symbiotic algae in corals and other marine organisms - Diplontic
*haplodiploidy- unfertilized males are haploid and fertilized females diploid (bees, ants, wasps)
What are the five main animal groups
Porifera- sponges
placozoa-blobs
ctenophores- comb jellies
cnidaria- jellies, corals
bilateria- insects, vertebrates, worms, crustaceans,spiders
what are the major axes of animal diversity?
Bilateral symetry, radial symetry, asymetry
what is the feeding process of sponges (phylum porifera)
sponges use choanocytes to make a current through their body to catch food particles, then amoebocytes filter and digest the food internally to provide nourishment to the sponge intracellularly
what are some traits/ characteristics and things to know about phylum ctenophora (Radiata)
-About 100 species
- Lack cnidocytes of cnidarians(way to harm prey)
- use colloblasts (sticky cells on tentaces) to capture prey
- move by using cilia against plates
what are some traits/ characteristics and things to know about phylum cnidaria
-9000 species
-gastrovascular cavity is lined with gastrodermis which helps movement and acts as hydrostatic skeleton
-mobility is achieved by contracting the epidermis
-Can be polyp like a coral being sedentary and asexual or medusa like a jellyfish and move around and be sexual.
the life cycle of an animals starts with a zygote what are the series of mitotic cell divisions that occur?
zygote —-> Eight cell stage ——> Blastula –> gastrula cross section
what is cleavage
rapid cell division after fertilization, turns one cell into many smaller ones.
what is blastula?
(hollow sphere)happens after the division 100s to 1000s of cell clusters
what is gastrulation
production of an embryo with 2-3 layers and an opening to the outside forming an organism
what are the layers that gastrulation produces?
embryonic germ layers
-The ectoderm forms the outer layer
-The endoderm forms the digestive tract
-The mesoderm partly fills space between the endoderm and ectoderm
how many germ layers do radially symetric (dipoblast) animals develop?
2
how many germ layers do bilaterally symetric animals (tripoblasts) develop?
3
what belongs to the class of scyphozoa?
-jellies
-all marine, free swimming
-open ocean species lack polyp
What are the 5 major groups of animals?
Porifera- sponges
ctenophores- comb jellies
placozoa- simple blobs
cnidaria- jellies and corals
bilateria- most species all terrestrial
what are the 3 major groups of bilateria?
Ecdyosozoa
lophotrochozoa
deuterostomes
what are the two main groups within ecdyosozoa?
Arthropods- insects, arachnids, crustaceans
nematodes- worms
what are the two main groups within lophotrochozoa?
Molluscs- muscular foot, soft flesh outside, bilateral symetry (snails,clams, octopus_
platyhelminthes- flat, bilaterally symmetric, simple (tapeworms)
what are two main groups of deuterostomes
vertebrates- endoskeleton, bilateral symetry, backbone (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
echinoderms- pentaradial symetry, endoskeleton, spiky surface (seastars, sea urchin)
what group from the 5 major groups of animals is the vast majority of animals?
Bilateria
species number and symetry of porifera?
50,000 species and Asymetric
number of species and symetry of ctenophores?
186 species and radially symetric
number of species and symetry for placozoa?
about 4 species and possibly asymetric
number of species and symetry of cnidaria?
135,000 species and radially symetric
number of species and symetry of bilateria?
millions of species and bilaterally symetric
what are the top ecdysozoas and whats their respective species number?
Arthropods-3.7 million
Nematodes- 15,000
Tardigrades-700
Nematomorpha- 250
what is the species count for various deutererostomes?
Chordate-
*vertebrates-60000
*urochordates-3000
*cephalochordates-25
Echinoderm- 17000
xenocoelomorpha- 450
hemichordates-130
what is bilateral symetry?
mirroring left and right or top and bottom
what is radial rotational symetry?
identical under rotation think of a starfish there is an axis in the middle
what is a germ layer
number of seperate layers during early development.
Which is triplobastic?
cnidaria
ctenophores
placozoa
anthozoa
none of the above
none of the above
All are diplobastic
which of the following is not one of the major five groups of animals?
Bilateria
ctenophores
vertebrates
invertebrates
vertebrates
invertebrates
what does it mean to be monophyletic
group consists of an ancestor and all descendants but no other organisms
are animals monophyletic?
All animals are monophyletic because they all share a common ancestor
are diploblastic animals monophyletic?
no they are not reason being they are not as complex
what makes an animal diploblastic?
refers to an animal with two germ layers during embryonic development ectoderm and endoderm. animals like this are cnidarians(jelly fish) and ctenophores(comb jellies)
are invertebrates monophyletic?
no this is due to vertebrates being excluded
which 2 animals lack true tissues
-placozoa and sponges
-ctenophores and cnidaria
-ctenophores and sponges
-bilateria
placozoa and sponges
what 5 things do an animal need to sustain life?
obtain food
move
survive from beginning of life to reproduction
distribution of oxygen to all tissues and cells
reproduce
what is a coelom and what makes a coelom true vs a “fake” one? and what is it called when the coelom is absent?
-body cavity that forms during early development
- a true coelom develops in the middle of the mesoderm
-a false coelom develops between germ layers
-Acoelom is when there is no coelom
what are the 3 functions of the coelomic cavity?
Circulation- digestive products are absorbed and excretory products are processed
Reproduction- In many animals gametes are shed in a coelomic cavity and this happens before mating allowing more to be exchanged
Support- without a skeleton a space filled with fluid can act as a support. this is a hydrostatic skeleton
what are the 5 types of parental care?
-no parental care
-maternal
-bipaternal
-paternal
-allopaternal (non parents)
what are the 4 food preferences?
-carnivore
-herbivore
-omnivore
-parasite
what are the types of movement (3 types)
-active
-passive (marine organisms)
-cessile (attached to cessile)
what are the 3 types of skeletons?
-internal skeleton
-external skeleton
-hydrostatic skeleton
*cavities filled with water
what are the types of sociality
-solitary
-social
-division of labor
-Eusocial (division of labor at level of reproduction)
*queen society where a single female monopolizes reproduction
what is sex vs asex when thinking of sexual reproduction
-obligate sexuality meaning sex is the only way to reproduce
-obligate asexuality is when asexual reproduction is the only way
How do Cnidarians capture food?
carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey. the tentacles are armed with cnidocytes that defend and capture prey
what class in molluscs are snails and slugs apart of?
class gastropoda (shells, foot)
what class are squids, octopuses, and nautiluses apart of?
class cephalopoda this is due to the tentacles they have
what class are clams and oysters apart of?
class bivalvia (belong to molluscs under invertebrates) also have two separate shells
what class do segmented worms belong to? and what are some examples?
phylum annelida which are apart of lophotrochozoa .
* earthwprms and leeches are an example
what divides segmenets in worms?
septa
What class is being described? “inhabit fresh water and have a complete digestive tract. These reproduce by parthogenesis”
Rotifers
phylum nemertea are commonly called what? where do they live
ribbon worms and they live in marine environments
what are the four major lineages of arthropods and example for each (4)
Chelicerata (scorpions, spiders)
Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes)
crustacea(crabs and lobster)
hexapoda (insects and relatives)
on a tree are vertebrates on the branch of invertebrates with branches off of various vertebrates
yes
where des the anus form from in deuterostomes?
the blastophore
what distinguishing characteristics does phylum chordata have?
-pharyngeal gill slits- allow water to leave gut
-muscular postanal tail- for movement
-notochord- early development form of spine
- A dorsal hollow nerve tube- the foundation for our nervous system
which of the following is a triploblast?
-squid
-ctenophore
-sponge
-jelly
-coral
squid
what differentiates a protosome and a deuterostome?
mouth first for a protostome and mouth second for a deuterostome during early development
are multicellular eukaryotes monophyletic?
yes because they include all descendants of a common ancestor and no other organisms
Are fish a monophyletic group
no, they do not include all descendants of a common ancestor one example is tetrapods being excluded
Which order of insects can also manipulate
sex of offspring (though haplodiploidy)?
A) Coleoptera
B) Lepidoptera
C) Hymenoptera
D) Diptera
hymenoptera
What are challenges for vertebrates that were transitioning to land
loss of water
change in temp
loss of buoyancy
Which of the following are “costs” of parental care?
A) Reduction in energy left for females to produce future offspring
B) Loss of outside mating opportunities for males providing care
C) Effort spent by males on raising chicks that are not their own
D) All of the above are potential costs
all of the above
What is asexual reproduction?
an offspring genes all come from one individual parent (budding or prathogenesis)
what is sexual reproduction?
an offspring is created by fusion of male gametes (sperm) and female gametes (eggs)
If the environment limits each individual to having just four offspring per
generation
A) An asexual lineage of 10 individuals will produce 160
grandchildren in two generations
B) A sexual lineage of 10 individuals (5 females, 5 males) will
produce 40 grandchildren in two generations
C) Both A and B are true
D) None of the above are true
D
What is the major shared feature of Ecdysozoa?
process of ecdysis (molting)
Give two examples of a group of animals that have a hydrostatic skeleton
Annelids- earthworms and leeches
cnidarians- jellyfish, corals
Give two examples of a group of animals that exhibit an exoskeleton
Arthropods-insects, spiders,
Mollusks- snails, clams
Give one example of an animal group that exhibits an internal skeleton
chordates- fish, amphibians, mammals
What is the Cambrian explosion?
Around 541 million years ago, there was a significant increase in the variety of life forms on Earth. This event, known as the Cambrian explosion, marked a time when many new types of complex organisms appeared relatively quickly.
What is the difference between diploblasts and triploblasts?
triploblasts are three layers and instead of ectoderm and endoderm only there is a mesoderm in the middle. this allows for more complex organ systems
Which of the five major animal groups are triploblasts?
bilateria
Which of the three major groups of bilateria accouts for the most species?
Ecdysozoa
Which of the four major groups of arthropods accounts for the most species?
class insecta
What are the three major groups of multicellular organisms on earth?
fungi, plants, animals
what are the two main groups of multicellular organisms
animalia and plantae
Name four ways in which bilaterian animals are typically different from other animals
-Bilateral symetry
-cephalization
- triploblastic development
-segmentation
what is cephalization?
defined head region and this is where senses are directed.
What is the difference between hemimetabolous and holometabolous?
in hemimetabolous nymphs look like smaller versions of adults no complete metamorphisis . in holometabolous insects theres distinct life cycles and they are more drastic so complete metamorphisis
what is the evidence that
holometabolous development is beneficial in insects?
-there is specialization for each stage
-reduced competition
-protection
-dispersal
-adaptability for each stage
-all four major groups are holometabolous
Which group of arthropods exhibits extensive paternal care?
arachnid (chelicerata), Myriapoda
An organism can switch between asexual and sexual reproduction, what type of sexuality are the?
facultative
How do sponges feed?
filter feeding (use choanocytes)
What is the simplest of the five major animal groups?
placozoa
What are the three major groups of bilaterian animals?
-Ecdyosozoa
-Lophotrochozoa
-Deuterostomes
what group belongs to ecdyoszoas?
arthropods
-Spiders
-Insects
-Millipedes
-Ticks
-Lobster
-Crab
nematodes
what group belongs to Lophotrochozoa
Molluscs
-Squid
-Snails
-Clams
-Bivalves
Platyhelminthes
-Trematodes
-Cestodes
what group belongs to deuterostomes?
Echinoderms
-Sea stars
-Sea urchins
vertebrates
what belongs to cnidaria group ?
coral, jellies, sea anemone
what belongs to porifera group
sponges
what belongs to ctenophores group?
comb jellies
What are two features of platyhelminthes?
-flattened body
-triploblastic and bilaterally symetrical
-
What are the three major unifying features of anthropods?
-hard skeleton
-segmented body
-jointed appendages
Which bilaterian group shows pentaradial symmetry in the adult stage
echinodermata
-ex starfish
Which major group of animals is primarily asexual?
Porifera
Name a major modification of the mollusc body plan that occurred in squids and octopuses
the tentacles are a modification
Name a major modification of the mollusc body plan that occurred in clams and other bivalves
the evolution of a shell with two hinged halves
What are the three major subgroups of molluscs
-gastropoda, these are most of the molluscs and snails and slugs are apart of the group
-Bivalvia, have a hinged two part shell and clams and oysters are apart of the group, found in freshwater/marine
-Cephalopoda, large heads and well developed nervous system, squids and octopus are a part of the group
What are the two major subgroups of cnidaria, and what is their major distinguishing feature.
Scyphozoa- jelly like, free swimming medusa. look like a bell with hanging tentacles think of jellyfish.
Anthozoa- sea anemone and corals, attach themselves to rock. look like blobs or tubes.
What are the four largest groups of insects?
-coleoptera- beetles
-lepidoptera- butterflies and moths
-hymenoptera- ants, bees, and wasps
-diptera- flies and mosquitoes
Match the insect group to its major feature:
1. 2 flying wings
2. Elytra (covering derived from forewing)
3. Halteres (balancing organ derived from . hindwing)
4. Haplodiploidy
5. Proboscis
1.Diptera (flies and mosquitoes)
2.coleoptera (beetles)
3. Diptera (flies)
4. hymnoptera (ants, wasps, bees)
5. lepidoptera (butterlfies and moths)
what is haplodiploidy?
males are haploid and come from unfertilized eggs so have one set of chromosomes. Females are diploid and come from fertilized eggs and two sets of chromosomes
Which mammal trait evolved relatively late
within mammals?
A. Hair
B. Vivaparity (live birth)
C. Lactation (milk)
D. Parental care
E. The vertebral column
viviparity- embryo develops in body
Which of the following are not reptiles?
A. Birds
B. Frogs
C. Dinosaurs
D. Snakes
E. Turtles
frogs are amphibians
what is the lottery ticket hypothesis?
important traits/features can happen luckily. Basically complex things dont always happen in a complex way.
what is the tangled bank hypothesis?
in nature all living things are interconnected. Animals and plants rely on eachother and their environment in many ways.
what is the “red queen” hypothesis
organisms must constantly evolve to keep up with an environment that constantly evolves.
What is parthenogenesis?
The ability for a female to produce without a males fertilization
What is sexual selection? Within how does intersexual differ to intrasexual selection?
-sexual selection is the advantage one may have over others of the same sex and species.
-intersexual selection is female choice of males driving evolution of male traits.
-Intrasexual is the same sex competing for a mate
why do male spiders sacrifice themselves?
it is beneficial to their offspring’s success
what has the least modifications relative to the classic mollusc body plan?
snails
what is a monotreme
group of mammals that lay eggs
What is a echinoderm
marine invertebrates with radial symmetry and 5 equal part
what makes hexapods of the arthropod group the most modern?
adaptability, flight, diversity,
why is it thought that menopause evolved?
selection for older females to take care of non offspring relatives
what is a clade?
group of organisms from common ancestor.
what does it mean to be diplontic?
in an organism it is made of diploid cells while reproductive cells are haploid
what are the top species of lophotrochozoa
Mollusca-50,000
platyhelminthes-10,000
bryozoa-5,000
rotifers-2200
nemertea-1400
what is number of species for each ?
* Platyhelmenthies
* Turbellaria
* Trematoda
* Cestodes
* Monogenea
1.10,000
2.4500
3.1500
4.3400
5.1100
Annelids
* Bryozoa
* Rotifers
* Nemertea
- 15000
- 5000
- 2200
- 1400
