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bio 240 > unit 1 evolution > Flashcards

unit 1 evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the proper definition of natural selection

A

long term reproduction of the fittest in the struggle for existence sometimes leading to progress

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2
Q

can producing sterile offspring increase an individuals fitness?

A

No the offspring cannot reproduce

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3
Q

what is an abiotic factor

A

non living factors in an environment

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4
Q

what is intraspecific competition

A

competition amongst those of the same species for limited resources

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5
Q

selection that favors average phenotypes giving both ends of an extreme a disadvantage

A

stabilizing selection

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6
Q

selection that favors a phenotype at one end of the spectrum which will change allele frequency

A

directional selection

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7
Q

favors two or more distinct phenotypes; both extreme ends of phenotypes

A

diversifying selection

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8
Q

type of selection where environment changes relatively quick and those that can adapt are favored

A

fluctuating selection

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9
Q

what is a DNA mutation

A

source for new alleles

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10
Q

type of selection where the success of a trait is deemed by how common or rare it is

A

frequency dependent selection
if males are rare that means more mating opportunities for males

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11
Q

the vast majority of mutations have a negative or no impact T/F

A

T

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12
Q

Allele

A

an aleternate version of a gene responsible for a trait

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13
Q

what does mutation do for changing frequencies

A

change allele frequencies or creates a new one

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14
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of genetic variation from one population to another (orange butterflies going to a yellow population and making more orange)

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15
Q

a random change in allele frequency of a population by chance is

A

genetic drift ( think of a small population after a catastrophic event)

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16
Q

reduction in population due to a drastic event leading to a smaller population is?

A

population bottleneck

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17
Q

A small group isolates and starts a new population, eventually those genes in the group become more prominent leading to less genetic diversity is….?

A

founder effect

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18
Q

what is prezygotic isolation?

A

what keeps two individuals from mating, like mating dances, mate choice, physical incompatability

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19
Q

what is postzygotic isolation

A

block successful development of offspring that are hybrids and the success it has reproducing

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20
Q

group of individulas of the same species is a…

A

population

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21
Q

A unit of DNA that transfers information from parent to offspring determining characteristics is….

A

gene

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22
Q

what is a gene pool

A

all genetic information of all individuals in a population

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23
Q

difference in genotype and phenotype

A

phenotype is whats observed and genotype is the alleles a organism has

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24
Q

during reproduction a new mutation occurs and that gives the offspring a new mutation is this evolution?

A

yes

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25
Q

change in allele/ trait frequencies is…

A

evolution

26
Q

what is plasticity

A

change in phenotype without change in genotype

27
Q

what makes attack and flee two different strategies diversifying selection?

A

these strategies are on two different ends of the spectrum so it

28
Q

when people think of darwinian selection they usually think of directional selection, why is that?

A

this is a straightforward example of natural selection and shows how environmental changes will favor an individual at one end of an extreme phenotype leading to a shift in population average.

29
Q

what is the most common form of selection

A

stabilizing

30
Q

best definition of evolution

A

The process of gradual change in all forms of life over generations through mechanisms such as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift

31
Q

is origin of species and natural selection the same

A

No because origin of species is how a new species comes about and include other factors, natural selection is its own factor

32
Q

how do populations stop breeding?

A

Allopatric speciation- geographic separation leading to new species coming about.
Sympatric speciation- species in a certain habitat that have different mating habits, etc that lead to different species emerging

33
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

group of species in a habitat reproduce and create a new species due to different preferences in mating.

34
Q

What did lamarck propose for evolution?

A

a parents experiences are inherited by offspring like a stretched neck of a giraffe

35
Q

Cuvier helped discover what?

A

extinction

36
Q

why was there a slow rise in the discovery of natural selection

A

religion
lack of knowledge

37
Q

What did Darwin discover?

A

Natural selection and popularized evolution

38
Q

what are homologous structures

A

features on an organism that share an ancestor

39
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

process by which groups of organisms independently evolve into similar forms

40
Q

what is the term when organisms have the same ability despite not having homologous structures?

A

analogous structures

41
Q

what is a vestigal feauture

A

something that is in an organism that has no use but demonstrates a common ancestor

42
Q

what do phylogenetic trees do?

A

we learn how organisms came to be and how they will evolve

43
Q

on a phylogenetic tree what is the root?

A

common ancestor for all taxa

44
Q

what are nodes on the tree

A

A node is branching point for the phylogenetic tree

45
Q

what are synapomorphies?

A

Shared traits/characteristics in a clade

46
Q

what are symplesiomorphies?

A

Symplesiomorphies are traits or characteristics that are shared among different groups (clades), but they are not unique to those groups

47
Q

what is the difference between monophyletic and paraphyletic

A

monophyletic is a group that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor while paraphyletic only includes some

48
Q

what is gradualism

A

gradual change in a population over long spans of time

49
Q

what is punctuated equilibrium

A

rate of speciation is not constant this can mean rapid bursts of change and long periods where there is no change

50
Q

what are the types of viruses

A

lytic which actively replicate
lysogenic which hid in dna and emerge when drugs stop

51
Q

how do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?

A

eukaryotes are found in animals, plants, fungi and have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes are found in bacteria and archaea and do not have membrane bound organelles. prokaryote

52
Q

almost all microbes/things in life are prokaryotes…T/F

A

true to an extent but most life forms we know are eukaryotes

53
Q

What are the three requirements of natural selection?

A

Variation of a trait,heritability and difference in fitness

54
Q

How does speciation and natural selection differ

A

Natural selection is within a population and favorable traits help survival and speciation in the emergence of a new species not limited to NS

55
Q

What came before darwin

A

Scholasticism using education and the bible to explain how god is the reason for things

56
Q

what is the nested level of classifications of organisms in order from kingdom to species.

A

Kingdom-broad category like animals, plants, fungi
Phylum-based on body
Class-more specific like mammals, birds
Order-groups that relate like carnivores
Family-groups related like cats, dogs
Genus-closesly relalted species like lions, tigers
Species-most specific like humans, lions

57
Q

what are the major bacterial groups
csc gab gde

A

chlamydias
spirochetes
cyanobacteria
gram positive bacteria
alpha proteobacteria
beta proteobacteria
gamma proteobacteria
delta proteobacteria
epsilon proteobacteria

58
Q

things about
chlamydias
spirochetes
cyanobacteria

A

chlamydias-parasites of animals
spirochetes- spirals and anaerobic
cyanobacteria- photosynthetic

59
Q

things about
gram positive bacteria
alpha proteobacteria
beta proteobacteria

A

gram positive- soil dwelling decomposers
alpha proteobacteria- photosynthetic and mitochondria ancestors
beta proteobacteria- very diverse

60
Q

things about
gamma proteobacteria
delta proteobacteria
epsilon proteobacteria

A

gamma proteobacteria-many pathogens
delta proteobacteria- act in iron cycling, nitrogen fixation, work as pathogens
epsilon proteobacteria- many are pathogens

bio 240 (6 decks)

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