test 2 Flashcards
When viewing life our current view consists of what 3 domain ?
Bacteria, Archaea , Eukaryotes
How do we define what a living thing is?
Organisms that typically have the capability to grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli (metabolize) and maintain homeostasis.
What are three shared characteristics of all living things?
More than one cell, metabolism, has transferable heritable information
Do viruses satisfy criteria for characterizing life?
Viruses are on the cusp of life they do not meet all criteria
Do Archaea or Bacteria have a nucleus?
No
most eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and this can be true for Archaea and Bacteria as well
true
what is endosymbiosis?
the bringing together of two distinct cells inside another
how would you describe the endosymbiotic theory?
theory stating that eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another eventually they evolve into a relationship where they rely on each other to survive.
All the DNA in eukaryotic cells is located in the nucleus? T/F
False, it can be in the mitochondria as well for example.
what is polytomy?
family tree splits into 3 or more branches a the same time
Defining characteristics of Eukaryotes is the presence of:
A nucleus and a mitochondria
mitochondria in all eukaryote lineages have a common ancestor true/false
true
All photosynthetic organisms are Eukaryotes? T/F
false cyanobacteria is an example of a photosynthetic prokaryote
what are characteristics of first primary endosymbiosis?
-All eukaryotes
-refers to mitochondrion
-evidence to show it only happened once in tree of life
what are characteristics for Second primary endosymbiosis
-Does not occur for all eukaryotes
-refers to endosymbiosis of photosynthetic bacterium(chloroplast)
-the process has happened many times independently
All eukaryotes have a chloroplast and sometimes have a mitochondria T/F
F
where did photosynthetic metabolism first occur?i
in bacteria called cynobacteria
what is acquired through endosymbiosis
chloroplasts and mitochondria
how are chloroplasts different from mitochondria when thinking of eukaryote lineage?
chloroplasts are result of separate endosymbiosis events
what are three mitochondrial DNA characteristics?
-circular or linear and lineage dependent
-can exist as a single copy or many per cell
-similar to many bacterial DNA
regarding mitochondrion structure what is cristae
fold in inner membrane where electron transport chain takes place and it is lineage specific
how can chloroplast structural diversity relate to mitochondria diversity
extremely diverse with overall structure
monophyletic vs non monophyletic
monophyletic has all the descendants from a common ancestor while non monophyletic does not
what is supergroup excavata
diverse group of single celled/unicellular organisms that are mostly found in anaerobic environments.
what are supergroup Chromalveolata
large group of single celled organisms with distinct features and ecological roles examples include
brown algae- support entire ecosystems
golden algae-
diatoms
what are supergroup rhizaria? what is an example?
large group of single celled organisms with special extensions for movement and feeding.
foraminiferans is an important example
how much carbon is within life on earth?
550 gigatons
rank bateria, fungi, plants, animals from largest terrestrial biomass to smallest
plants, bacteria, fungi, animals
what are Archaeplastida and what do they contain?
Supergroup of eukaryotes
red algae
chlorophytes
charophytes
land plants
what is green algae
have chloroplast that contain green pigment called chlorophyll a and b aiding photosynthesis
how would you define chlorophytes?
unicellular and multicellular, ocean aquatic
how would you define charophytes?
unicellular multicellular, many found in freshwater, closely related to land plants
what are challenges of moving from a freshwater aquatic habitat to a terrestrial land habitat for plants`
avoiding water loss in cells
loss of support from water making it stand up
developing ways to pass genetics
acquiring resources
what are benefits of moving from freshwater to terrestrial land habitat
more light so more photosynthesis
higher concentration of minerals
what makes a living thing?
cells
heritable information
conduct metabolism
what are 5 shared traits of acestral land plants
- alternation of generation
- multicellular dependent embryos
3.spores
4.multicellular gametangia
5.apical meris
whats the difference of haploid and diploid
haploid have once complete set of chromosomes while diploid has two. to conceptualize think of parents reproduction. dads sperm is a haploid and moms egg is as well. they combine and create me basically a diploid.
bryophyte is diverse and the first lineage of land plants contains what 3 living lineages
mosses, hornworts, liverworts
how does mitosis and meiosis differ?
mitosis is the division of cells and making identical daughter cells with same amount of chromosome as parent; usually associated with asexual reproduction
meiosis is associated with sexual reproduction and it involves taking mom and dad cells and combining them and dividing them into two groups. The cells then intermingle and then they get divided again and make diversity
in bryophytes what is the dominant life stage? Haploid or diploid
haploid
What is multicellular dependent embryos
after fertilization the female parent keeps the embryo during development. through specialized placental transfer cells the embryo receives nutrients
What is multicellular gametangia?
structures that contain gametes in haploid 1n life stage
What are Apical meristems?
body plans of land plants become polarized an example would be directional growth
what is the first vascular land plant?
cooksonia
in terms of plants what is dichotomous branching-
branches split into two equal parts
what are lycophytes?
reproduce using spores and are seedless and have ability to grow tall and have no true leaves. They are also known as lycopods
true or false meiosis is the only way to produce gametes?
False
would it be true to say that the diploid phase is the multicellular phase for all eukaryotes.
false
Eukaryotes having a multicellular haploid and diploid phase is an example of what?
Alternation of generations
in sexual reproduction in land plants-
multicellular haploid phase is for——-
multicellular diploid phase is for——-
1.gametophyte generation- sperm and eggs created by gametangia
2. sporophyte generation- spores are created via sporangia
T/F sexual reproduction is a trait shared by all eukaryotes
False
T/F all eukaryotes produce gametes through meiosis
False there are some exceptions like some fungi and protists
T/F all land plant cells have a nucleus and mitochondria
False xylem and phloem do not have nucelus or mitochondria
land plants- cell structure what are the 6 major features VNM CCC
vacuole
nucleus
mitochondrion
chloroplast
cell membrane
cell wall
what are the tissues for long distance transport
xylem- water and nutrient support
- directional and goes from soil to leaves
-composed of dead cells
phloem-sugar transport
- tissue used to move sugars produced in leaves to stems and roots
define a tracheophyte
plants with vascular tissue, roots, stems, and leaves with stomata. The sporophyte generation is dominant
what is a stomata?
a pore that helps regulate water and gas exchange. They open when they need to take in CO2 for photosynthesis and close to conserve water
what made the evolution of the cooksonia so important
first land plant with erect stems and a vascular system
What phase do terrestrial land plants possess
haploid and diploid phase
microspore vs a megaspore
a microspore develops into a male gametophyte while a megaspore develops into a female gametophyte
do gametophytes in heterosporous plants photosynthesize
they do not and they are not free lving
major photosynthetic organ of bryophytes is composed of diploid cells while gymnosperms is haploid cells
False bryophyte is composed of haploid
stomata first appeared in the sporophyte generation of….
gymnosperms
what lineages of vascular plants possess roots, stems, and leaves with stomata
ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
list the 5 important thing about angiosperms
seeds
flower formation
leaf type
vascular tissue
diversity
seed enclosure- produce seeds enclosed in a fruit
flower formation-produce flowers with reproduction
leaf types-have broad leaves
advanced vascular tissue
diversity-very diverse with over 300,000 species
the following lineages of land plants are the only lineages that possess a free living, multicellular, photosynthetic gametophyte
Bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns
list 5 important things about gymnosperms
seeds
flower formation
leaf type
vascular tissue
diversity
seeds usually on scales or cones
produce cones or strobili
needle/scale like leaves
have tracheids and lack vessels
less diverse and found in colder climates
is it alternating generation for a chlorophyte to reproduce via haploid gametes which later fuse to form a single celled diploid zygote.
No because chloroplasts are dominant haploid so dont go through the diploid cycle
what pollinators are generally associated with bright colored flowers
bees and butterflies
what are adjustments heterospory and seeds have made?
removed the direct reliance on external water for sexual reproduction
new sporophyte can travel far distances away from the parent plant
what doe angiosperms and gymnosperms have in common?
male pollen
heterosporous life cycles
both produce seeds
what is dispersal syndrome?
A set of traits evolved for a specific method of dispersal
whats benefit of moving from parents
being closer to parent plant - less survival
less competition when farther away
what are adjustments flowers and fruits made
reduced reliance on wind for pollination
greater capacity for dispersal of new sporophyte
what are the 5 dispersal mechanisms
gravity,
ballistic- way for seeds to be thrown naturally
wind- seeds/fruit generally have adaptation to facilitate flight
water- carrying things like coconuts
animal- fleshy fruits are usually dispersed by animal ingestion and excreted
what are the dispersal strategies and what do they do?
serotiny- strategy by plants to release seeds following a fire event
vivipary-germinating while still attached to parent plant
what are mycotrophic plants-
plants that obtain nutrients and organic molecules entirely from fungi
there are two parasitic plants holoparasite and hemiparasite what are they?
holoparasite- a plant that gets all nutrients from host and has no chlorplast
hemiparasite- a plant that obtain nutrients and a portion of its organic molecules from host but have a chloroplast so can photosynthesize on their own.
what are root nodules-
nitrogen fixing bacteria
what is mychorrhizal fungi
mutualistic association between fungi and vascular plant root
the male multicellular gametophyte in seed plants is called a_____ or a ______
microgametophyte or pollen grain
between bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns which has a complex vascular system
none the correct answer is seed plants including gymnosperms and angiosperms
carnivorous plants are generally found in environments characterized by
low nitrogen availability they capture small insects to supplement scarce nitrogen availability
Most eukaryotes are unicellular (composed of a single cell) T/F ?
True they are mainly unicellular containing one singular cell, this is true for archaea and bacteria. These eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and this can occur in Archaea and bacteria.
