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AP Psychology > Unit 3 Cognition > Flashcards

Unit 3 Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Attention

A

We cannot pay attention to everything all the time, we have to select what we attend to.

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2
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

You focused your attention on one particular voice amidst the crazy loudness of all those other voices. Example of selection attention. Tendency to hear specific information pertaining to you when you are focusing on something else.

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3
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

You don’t see the gorilla. When you are not selecting to apply your attention to something, you will be blind to it.

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4
Q

Change Blindness

A

When you are not applying your attention to something, you will not see a minor or obvious change.

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5
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Bias or readiness to perceive certain aspects of available sensory data and to ignore others. If you expect something, you will interpret it even if it may not be there.

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6
Q

Gestalt

A

We organize the sensory information coming into our brains. Our perception is greater than the sum of the parts actually presented to our senses.

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7
Q

Figure Ground

A

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. (Background vs. foreground).

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8
Q

Proximity

A

We groups nearby figures together.

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9
Q

Continuity/Similaity

A

We groups things based on continuous patterns and similar attributes of images.

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10
Q

Closure

A

We visually fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object.

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11
Q

Depth Perception

A

Innate ability to see objects in 3D although images that strike the retina are 2D. Allows us to judge distance.

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12
Q

Visual Cliff

A

Experiment, fake illusion of a cliff to observe how babies would react to differences in height of ground.

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13
Q

Binocular Cue

A

Depth cues such as retinal disparity and convergence, depends on the use of two eyes. As an object becomes closer or farther, bot binocular depth cues operate to help us determine distance.

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14
Q

Convergence

A

To focus on close objects, the eyes must point inward. Muscles monitor the angle, determine depth.

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15
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance. Greater disparity means a closer object.

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16
Q

Monocular Cue

A

Depth cues that use one eye to give the illusion of depth on flat or 2D surfaces.

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17
Q

Relative Clarity

A

Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those that appear clear.

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18
Q

Relative Size

A

If we assume two objects are similar in size, we perceive the smaller image as farther away.

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19
Q

Texture Gradient

A

Degree to which you can see things finely pixelated. Finer detail in the front vs. the back.

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20
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines appear to meet in the distance. The sharper the angle of convergence, the greater distance perceived.

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21
Q

Interposition

A

If one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer.

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22
Q

Apparent Movement

A

As we move, objects that are stable appear to move.

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23
Q

Stroboscopic Movement

A

Our brain perceives a rapid series of slightly varying images as continuous movement. (Moving pictures)

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24
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

Flashing lights create the illusion of movement.

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25
Q

Autokinetic Effect

A
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26
Q

Size

A
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26
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Top down process that recognizes objects without being deceived by changes in color, shape, size, lightness. Our brain keeps images constant.

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27
Q

Cognition

A
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28
Q

Metacognition

A
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29
Q

Concept

A
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30
Q

Prototype

A
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31
Q

Jean Piaget

A
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32
Q

Schema

A
33
Q

Assimilation

A
34
Q

Accomodation

A
35
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Narrowing, the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

36
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Expanding, the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that expands in different directions.

37
Q

Executive Funtions

A
38
Q

Algorithm

A

Methodical, logical rule or step-by-step procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

39
Q

Heuristic

A

Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems effectively. Mental shortcuts.

40
Q

Insight

A
41
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency for people to be more confident that they are accurate, people look for evidence that confirms what they believe.

42
Q

Mental Set

A

Prime example of fixation is mental set, our tendency to approach a problem with a mind-set that has worked previously.

43
Q

Intuition

A

Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

44
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes. May lead us to ignore relevant information.

45
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

We might see patterns in independent random chain of events, leading us to believe that based on a series of previous events, an outcome is more likely than odds actually suggest.

46
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.

47
Q

Overconfidence Bias

A
48
Q

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

A

Tendency for people to continue something because they’ve already invested their time, energy, or money, even when abandoning it would be beneficial.

49
Q

Belief Perseverance

A
50
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

51
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

52
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an obstacle to problem-solving.

53
Q

Memory

A

Learning that has persisted over time. Information that has been stored.

54
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
55
Q

Recall

A

Retrieve information learned earlier.

56
Q

Recognition

A

Identify items previously learned (multiple choice).

57
Q

Encoding

A
58
Q

Storage

A
59
Q

Retrieval

A
60
Q

Multi-Store Model

A
61
Q

Sensory Memory

A
62
Q

Echoic

A
63
Q

Iconic

A
64
Q

Short-Term Memory

A
65
Q

Long-Term Memory

A
66
Q

Working Memory

A
67
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A
68
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A
69
Q

Central Executive

A
70
Q

Pathological Loop

A
71
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A
72
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A
73
Q

Implicit Memory

A
74
Q

Explicit Memory

A
75
Q

Effortful Processing

A
76
Q

Automatic Processing

A

System 1, Non-conscious encoding of information.

77
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Facts and general knowledge.

78
Q

Episodic Memory

A
79
Q
A

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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