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AP Psychology > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The “I knew it all along” phenomenon. The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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2
Q

Peer Reviewers

A

Scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy.

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

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4
Q

Falsifability

A

Possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment.

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5
Q

Operational Definition

A

A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.

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6
Q

Replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced.

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7
Q

Case Study

A

A non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

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8
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

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9
Q

Survey

A

A non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

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10
Q

Social Desirablity Bias

A

Bias from people’s responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes.

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11
Q

Self-report Bias

A

Bias when people report their behavior inaccurately.

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12
Q

Sampling Bias

A

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.

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13
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

Collecting research from a group that is readily available.

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14
Q

Random Sample

A

Fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

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15
Q

Representative Sampling

A

Group that represents an entire population.

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16
Q

Generalizing Population

A

Use a representative, random sample.

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17
Q

Correlation

A

The relationship between two or more variables.

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18
Q

Spurious/Illusory Correlation

A

A perceived relationship between two or more variables that does not actually exist.

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19
Q

Positive Correlation

A

As one variable increases, so does the other. Line going upwards in scatter plot, value close to +1.

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20
Q

Negative Correlation

A

As one variable decreases, so does the other. Line going downwards in scatter plot, value close to -1.

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21
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to 1).

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22
Q

Variable

A

Characteristic or value used in an experiment that can vary and is ethical to measure.

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23
Q

Scatter Plot

A

Graph where two values are plotted to reveal correlation.

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24
Q

Directionality Problem

A

Correlation research cannot tell us which variable is cause and which is effect.

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25
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

Statistical issue when a third variable effects two other variables, causing them to appear to have a casual relationship when they do not.

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26
Q

Regression Toward the Mean

A

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to regress (fall back) toward the average.

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27
Q

Experimental Group

A

The group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

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28
Q

Experiment

A

Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.

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29
Q

Control Group

A

The group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison from evaluating the effect of treatment.

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30
Q

Random Assignment

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the groups.

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31
Q

Single-Blind Procedure

A

An experimental group in which the participants are ignorant about whether they have received treatment or a placebo.

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32
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Experimental procedure in which both the research participants have received treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.

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33
Q

Placebo

A

A pseudo-treatment.

34
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an insert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

35
Q

Independent Variable

A

In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

36
Q

Confounding variable

A

Factors other than those being studied that might influence a study’s result or interpretation.

37
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

Bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs.

38
Q

Dependent Variable

A

In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.

39
Q

Correlational Research

A

Non-experimental method that describes the relationship between two or more variables.

40
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what is supposed to.

41
Q

Causation-Correlation

A

Correlation does NOT equal causation, but

42
Q

Quantitative Research

A

Relies on quantifiable, numerical data.

43
Q

Likert Scale

A

Questionnaire responses that fall on a continuum (“Strongly agree –> Strongly disagree”).

44
Q

Structured Interviews

A

Series of predetermined questions to all interviewees in a consistent order.

45
Q

Qualitative Research

A

Relies on in-depth, narrative data not translated into numbers.

46
Q

Confederates

A

People who pretend to be participants but are actually part of the experiment.

47
Q

Informed Consent

A

Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

48
Q

Informed Assent

A

Informed consent for children- cannot legally give consent until 18.

49
Q

Deception

A

Researcher intentionally misleads or withholds information from subjects to manipulate their behavior.

50
Q

Debriefing

A

The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.

51
Q

Institutional Review Boards

A

At least 5 people, must include a scientist, a non-scientist, and a community representative who screen research proposals to protect human well-being.

52
Q

Diversity of Participation

A

A diverse sample can reflect more general groups.

53
Q

Research Ethics

A

Moral principles that guide researchers when conducting studies.

54
Q

Animal Research

A

Scientific study of animal behavior used to understand fundamental psychological processes and mechanisms that may also apply to humans.

55
Q

Protection form Harm

A

Ethical principle that research participants or clients in therapy should not be subjected to any physical or psychological distress during a study.

56
Q

Confidentiality

A

Expectation that patient/client/subject’s information will not be shared without consent.

57
Q

Measure of Central Tendency

A

Single score that represents a whole set of scores.

58
Q

Mean, Median, and Mode

A

Measures of central tendency.

59
Q

Bimodal Distribution

A

Occurs when there are two frequently occuring scores.

60
Q

Percentile Rank

A

Percentage of scores lower than the given score.

61
Q

Skewed Distribution

A

A representation for scores that lack symmetry around their average value.

62
Q

Variation

A

How similar or diverse the scores are.

63
Q

Range

A

Gap between lowest and highest scores in a distribution.

64
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean scores.

65
Q

Normal Curve

A

A symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and few scores lie near the extremes.

66
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

67
Q

Statistical Significance

A

Statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied.

68
Q

Effect Size

A

Strength of the relationship between two variables. The larger effect size, the more one variable can be explained by the other.

69
Q

Cultural Norms

A
70
Q

Positive/Negative Skew

A
71
Q

Generalizability

A
72
Q

Representation

A
73
Q

Anonymity of Data

A
74
Q

Psychological Perspectives

A
75
Q

Behavioral

A
76
Q

Biological

A
77
Q

Cognitive

A
78
Q

Evolutionary

A
79
Q

Humanistic

A
80
Q

Psychodynamic/Analytical

A
81
Q

Sociocultural

A
82
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to find/keep track of evidence that supports your belief instead of evidence that refutes it.

AP Psychology (4 decks)

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