Unit 3: Chapter 9 Flashcards
The circulatory system works with the pulmonary system. This term is called.
cardiopulmonary or cardiorespirtory
Purpose of the cardiopulmonary:
- Transports Oxygen and Nutrients to tissues
- Removes Carbon Dioxide Wates from tissues (so you don’t become acidic)
- Regulation of body temperature
(When you sweat)
What are two major adjustments in blood flow during exercise:
- ___Cardiac output
- Redistribution of ___ from inactive organs to active muscles.
Increase; blood flow
What is the progression of blood from the heart to the body?
Heart
Arteries and arterioles
Capillaries
Veins and Venules
What does the heart do?
Creates pressure to pump blood
What does Arteries and arterioles do?
- Carry blood away form the heart.
- Controls blood distribution by dilating/constricting arterioles.
(Opens paths or closes them to direct blood)
What does Capillaries do?
- Exchange of Oxygen and Carbone dioxide
- Exchange of nutrients
What do Veins and Venules do?
- Carry blood toward the heart under minimal pressure
(That’s why they have valves)
Pulmonary Circuit vs. Systemic Circuit
Pulmonary circuit (Lung circulation)
—) Right side of heart
—) Pulmonary arteries Pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
—) The Pulmonary veins Return oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart
Systemic Ciruct (whole-body circulation)
—) Left side
—) The arteries pump oxygenated blood to the whole body
—) Returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart
Pulmonary Circuit
It pumps the blood to the ___ side of the heart.
The ____ Pumps __ blood to the___
The ___ Return ____ blood to the___ side of the heart
left
Pulmonary arteries; deoxygenated; lungs
Pulmonary veins; oxygenated; left
Systemic Ciruct
It pumps the blood to the ___ side of the heart.
—) The __ pumps ___ blood to the ____
—) Returns ___ blood to the __ side of the heart
Left side
arteries; oxygenated; whole body
deoxygenated; right
What is the heart muscle tissue called?
What are the 3 layers?
Myocardium
1) Epicardium (protects heart from outside)
2) Myocardium (Muscle man)
3) Endocardium. (Protects the heart from inside)
Where does the heart get blood from?
What does the heart need from the blood?
coronary arteries;
oxygen and nutrients
Is the heart anaerobic or aerobic?
aerobic
—Because it beats constantly
What is a Myocardial infarction (MI)
When the coronary arteries get blocked.
Which can result in cell damage and death of cells
What protects against heart damage?
Exercise
Where is Epicardum? What does it do?
Outer Layer
Function:
–Serves as a lucrative outer covering
—Reduces friction
Where is Myocardium? What does it do?
Middle
It makes the muscles contract. And it ejects blood from the heart
Where is the Endocardium? What does it do?
It protects the inner layer of the heart, …….
Heart Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle
How do muscles contract?
Heart: Centrical proteins ( Actin and Myosin)
Skeltaltal: Centrical proteins
Heart Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle
What do they look like? SHape of fibers? Nusclei?
Heart—Short & Branching
Skeletal……..
Heart Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle
Cellular Junction?
Heart: Has intercalated disks
Skeletal: none
Heart Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle
Energy Production
Heart —Aerobic (Primarily)
Skeletal —Aerobic and anaerobic
Heart Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle
Neural Control
Heart—Involuntary
Skeletal—Voulontary
Heart Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle
Regeneration potentfail
Heart—No regeneration
Skeletal—Some regeneration by satellite cells
How does Exercise help your heart?
1) It ___ of heart attacks
2) Improves ____ from a heart attack
reduces;
Survival
Exercise reduces the amount of ______ from a heart attack.
How?
Myocardial damage
1) improves heart antioxidant capacity
2) Improves function …….
Systole vs. Diastole
Systole—Pumping
Diastoel—Filling
What happens during the Systolic phase?
Contraction Phase——Ejection of Blood
–) Ventricular pressure
–) 2/3 blood is ejected from ventricles per beat
What happens during the Diastole phase?
Relaxation phase——Filling with blood
—) Low Ventricular pressure
Which phase does the heart spend more time in during the rest phase?
Diastolic
Diastolic time is longer than systolic time
During exercise, both Systole and diastole are _____.
Which does it spend more time in very intense exercise?
shorter
systolic
Arterial Blood pressure
What is blood pressure?
What is the normal Blood pressure?
What does it stand for?
Blood pushes against the walls of the vessels;
110/120 /.70-80 mmHg
Stands for Systolic/Diastolic
Which pressure is generated during ventricular Contraction.
Systolic
Which pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation
Diastolic
What Is the difference between systolic and diastolic (SBP—DBP)
Pulse pressure
What is the mean arterial pressure? (MAP)
Type of average pressure that determines blood flow
MSP = DBP + 0.33 (SBP-
What determines arterial pressure? (MAP)
- Cardiac output
- Vascular resistance
How do you Calculate MAP?
Cardiac x
What is the short-term regulation of blood pressure?
Uses the Sympathetic nervous system?
Baroreceptors (measures pressure) in aorta and carotid arteries
In short-term regulation:
increase in BP = _____ SNS activity
Decrease in BP = _____ SN activity.
Decreased;
increased
long term blood regulation
Kidneys measure blood volume
What increases blood pressure? (5)
- Blood volume increases
- Heart rate increases
- Stroke Volume increases
- Blood Viscosity increases
- Peripheral resistance increases
What is the construction system of the heart?
Electrical activity of the heart;
It makes the heartbeat
Which contracts first? Atrium or Ventrical?
Atrium
What is the path of the heart’s construction system?
- Sinoatrial Mode (SA Node)——Pacemaker
- Atrioventricular node (AV node) — depolarizes vent. ventricular filling
- Av Bundle
- Bundle Branches—
- Purkinje Fibers
What is cardiac Output (Q)?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart is each minute.
How to calculate Cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume
Q = HR x SV
Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke Volume
What is stroke volume
Blood ejected in each beat
Do females or males have larger hearts?
At rest, females eject — L/min
At rest male __ L/min
REGARDLESS OF TRAINING STATUS
males, so they can eject more blood
Male = 5 L/min
Female = 4.5 L/min
Exercise increases Q by a factor
of ____ For untrained adults
and ___ for trained adults
Untrained = 5
Trained = 6-7
Highly trained people have high cardiac output, to get oxygen and nutrients with other muscles.
What hormones regulate the heart rate?
Which nerve stimulates it? What does the nerve do?
Parasympathetic nervous system
(Via Vagus nerve) ––Which is a cranial nerve
—Promotes rest —Slows down heart
rate.
—Slows HR by inhibiting the SA and AV
node
Elevated parasympathetic tone = low HR
Sympathetic nervous system
(Cardiac accelerator nerve) Spinal cord
—Increases HR by stimulating SA and AV node
What increases your heart rate?
Initial increase due to parasympathetic withdrawal
(Up to 100 BPM)
Parasympathetic withdrawal
— It decreases your heart rate.
Beta-blockers.
What is it used for?
What binds to beta receptors?
What is its function, and why do we need it?
It’s a drug that people use.
—It blocks the beat receptors, which epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to.
— It reduces heart rate and lowers myocardial oxygen demand. (It reduces HR)
(The heart doesn't need as much muscle oxygen
to prevent damage)
What is End-diastolic volume (EDV)?
It is the blood that is being ejected from the (Left) ventricle at the end of diastole.
Blood is known as (pre-load)
What is Average aortic blood pressure?
It is the pressure in the heart that ejects the blood.
(Afterload)
Strength of the ventricular contraction (contractility) is enhanced by….
- Circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine
- Direct sympathetic stimulation of the heart
- Frank-Starling Mechanism
What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism?
Greater EDV results in a more forceful contraction Due to the stretch of ventricles
(More blood returning to the heart)
(Stretch muscle to have a more forceful contraction)
What is Vasoconstriction? What does it do?
Promotes more blood flow by…
Via SNS
Skeletal muscle pump
Every time it contracts, it squeezes blood through veins, which goes back to the heart.
Respiratory pump
Changes in thoracic pressure pull blood toward the heart
How does the Venous blood return to the heart?
- Vasoconstriction
- Skeletal muscle pump
- Respiratory pump
What are the physical characteristics of blood?
- Plasma— Liquid portion.
- Cells “formed elements”
a. (Red blood cells)
b. (White Blood cells)
c. (Platelets) - Hematocrit — % of the blood that is made of the cells
Blood flow is Directly proportional to the pressure difference between the (____)
Two ends of the system.
The beginning and the end
(opposites that balance each other out)
Blood flow is inversely proportional to (____)
resistance
What is Hemodynamics?
properties of blood blow
What determines resistance in the blood?
Which is most important?
- Length of the vessel
- Viscosity of the blood
- The radius of the vessel (greatest impact)
BP decreases throughout the systemic circulation, with largest drop occurring across the (_____)
arterioles
Arterioles are called (_____)
resistance vessels
(they open or close valves.)
Redistribution of blood flow during exercise:
- Increased blood flow to working skeletal muscle
- Decreased blood flow to less active organs
