Unit 1 Quizes Flashcards
What is exercise?
Structured physical activitty
What is Physiology?
The study of the body organ systems to maintain homiostasis
“The study of the function of cells, tissues, organs, and systems’
Exercise Physiology
Study of how acute and chronic exercise influences the function of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Environmental Factors
specific populations
Reductionism
Study of a Singular molecule (like a protein) to better understand
Which of the following is used to measure work output?
Ergometer
Indirect calorimetry is a means of determining energy expenditure and involves the measurement of:
oxygen consumption.
The SI units for work and power are _______ and _______, respectively.
Joules; watts
Power is defined as:
work divided by the amount of time required to perform the work (i.e., work rate).
Work is defined as:
the product of force times distance.
One. MET is defined as a metobolic equivliant to:
Resting VO2
Exercise efficency is greater in subjects who Posses a higher percentage of ___ muscle fiber
Posses a higher percentage of slowe-twitch muscle fiber
NET efficiency ___ as work rate increases
decreases
(Inverse relationship)
The harder you work out, the less energy effeicent you become (Burn more calories)
Compared to a high a highly economical runner, runners that exhbit poor running economy would require:
A higher VO2 at any given runnning speed
(They have to work harder, they burn more calories and intake more oxygen)
A train person has the same VO2 at any given running speed
Higher VO2 =
Higher caloric expediture
The measurement of oxygen consumption during exercise can provide an estimate of metabolic rate. The rationale behind the use of oxygen consumption to estimate metabolic rate thtat
a direct relationship exists between oxygen consumed, energy expenditure, and teh amoiint of heat produced by the body
The term homeostasis is defined as:
the maintenance of a constant internal environment
Exercises physiologists use teh term steady state to denote:
A steady and relativley unchanging level of a physiological varible
(Maintaining)
A series of interconnected componets that serve to maintain a physical or chemical parameter of the body near a constant value uis called:
A biological control system
The gerneral components of a biological control system include the:
Receptor, (Strech reflex)
Control center, (Nervous System)
Effector, (Cause change/movement)
Most control systems of teh body operate via:
Negative feedback
The gain of a biological control system is thought of as
Gain=capablility = percision
Larger gain = more percision in maintaining hoomeostsis
Exercise training can improve homeostsis control via
cellular adiptation
Cellular adiptation to environmental stress (like heat)
acclimation
Hormesis refers to a biologiacl procedure
adapt to low-moderate does of stress to adaptive reponse
Cell signaling
comunication between cells
A chemical messenger that is released from one cell and stimulates nearby cells (e.g., white blood cell communication) is an example of:
paracrine signaling.
Endocrine signaling involves the release of_________ into the bloodstream.
hormones
Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell produces
and releases a chemical messenger into the extracellular fluid; this messenger then acts upon the cell that produced the messenger
Recent evidence reveals that exercising skeletal muscles release extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs can be described as:
small membrane-bound sacs containing bioactive molecules.
Some cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact. This type of signaling is called:
juxtacrine signaling and requires that the cytoplasm of one cell makes contact with the cytoplasm of another cell via a small junction connecting the cell membranes.
The metabolic process of converting foodstuffs into a biological usable form of energy is called:
bioenergetics.
By definition, an endergonic reaction is:
a chemical reaction that requires energy to be added to the reactants before the reaction will take place.
(Takes energy)
Coupled reactions are defined as:
reactions that are linked together, with the liberation of free energy in one reaction being used to drive the second reaction.
(relseases energy and it joins with another raction)
(exergoonic + endergonic)
The immediate source of energy for muscular contraction is:
ATP
The two most important electron carriers in bioenergetic chemical reactions are:
NAD and FAD.
(carries electrons + the hyrdogen it carries too)
During chemical reactions, enzymes work as catalysts by:
lowering the energy of activation.
Dehydrogen
They remove hydrogen atoms from their substrates.
They add a phosphate group to a specific molecule.
Kinases
They catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions involving molecular oxygen.
Oxidases
They rearrange atoms within their substrate molecules to form structural isomers.
Isomeraes
Elevated blood levels of the cardiac isoform of lactate dehydrogenase can assist in the diagnosis of which medical condition?
Myocaridal infaction
Rate Limiting Enzyme of glycolysis, catalyzing the formation of fructose 1, 6-biphospate
phospfructikinase
The breakdown of glucose, involving 10 enzymamatic steps
glycolisis
Catalyzes the formation of ATP from phospocreatine andf ADP
creatine kinase
Catalyzes the formation of glucose, creatining glucose 6 phospate, therby trapping glucose in the cell
Hexokinase
the breakdown of glycogen, forming glucose-6-phosphate
glycogenolysis
Catalyzes the formation of pyruvate from phosphoenolpyruuvate
Pyruvate Kinase
aka phosphagen system
ATP-PC System
end product of glucolysis
pyruvate
net yeild of glycolisis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
What is ATP made of?
adrnine, robose, and 3 phophate groups
