Unit 2: Chapter 5: Cell signaling and the Hormonal Responses to Exerccise

Question 1

OB: Neuroendocrinology

Question 2

OB: Hormone: Regulation and Action

Question 3

OB: Hormonal Control of Substraye Mobilization during Exercise

Question 4

What is the Neuro-endocrine system?

The endocrine system releases ___ in the ___ to circulate tissues.

The nervous system uses ___ to ___ from one nerve to another

Answer 4

hormones; blood

neurotransmitters; relay messages

Question 5

What do endocrine glands do?

Answer 5

releases hormones directly into the blood

Question 6

What do hormones do?

Answer 6

They bind to specific protein receptors.

Question 7

What are the three classes of hormones?

Answer 7

amino acid derivatives (like Growth H)
Peptides/proteins
Steroids. (Closetrol)

Question 8

Concentration of hormones in the blood:

The effect of a hormone on tissue is determined by ___ and the ___

Answer 8

plasma concentration;

Number of active receptors

                                       (plasma=liquid part of blood (water))

Question 9

What impacts the Plasma Concentration?

Answer 9

1. Rate of secretion of hormones from the endocrine gland
   (how fast?)
2. Rate of metabolism or excretion of hormone?
   Inactivation of receptors by the liver/kidney

Question 10

What impacts teh hormone concentration in the blood?

Answer 10

1. Quantity of transport proteins
   Capacity— the max amount of hormones that can bind to a transport protein
   Affinity— The chemical tendency of a hormone to bind to a transport protein
2. Change in Plsama Volume

Question 11

What impacts the magnitude of the hormone?

Answer 11

1. Concentration— of the hormone
2. Number— of receptors on the cell
3. Affinity— of the receptor for the hormone

Question 12

When you exercise, you have a __ in plasma volume.

Answer 12

drop

Additional info:
Muscles are swollen because filing up blood
When muscles contract, it increases pressure it forces fluids out
Sweat out blood

Question 13

Downgregulation

Answer 13

Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

Question 14

Upregulation

Answer 14

Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

Question 15

What are the 3 Mechanisms of hormone action?

Answer 15

1. Activation of genes (DNA) to alter protein synthesis. (initiate or suppress)
2. Activating second messengers in the cell via G protein
3. Altering membrane transport

Question 16

Mechanisms of hormone action:
Activation of genes (DNA) to alter protein synthesis.

Answer 16

(initiate or suppress)
Goes straight to DNA and upregulates hormone content like testosterone.

Question 17

Mechanisms of hormone action:
Activating second messengers in the cell via G protein

What is a G protien?

Answer 17

Cells bind to receptors on the membrane because they are too big to pass through the membrane.

When it binds to a membrane receptor—Activates G Protien

G protein— link between the hormone-receptor interaction on the surface and the subsequent events inside the cell

Question 18

Mechanisms of hormone action:
Altering membrane transport

Answer 18

After binding to membrane receptors, some hormones activate carrier molecules, increasing substrate movement

It opens membrane recptors so hoemones can pass theough the membrane.

Example: Insulin

Question 19

What does the Hypothalamus control?

Answer 19

What Controls secretions from pituitary gland

Question 20

Anterior Pituitary Gland are controlled by:

Answer 20

Controlled via hormones (i.e., releasing-hormones) from hypothalamus

Question 21

What controls these hormones?

*Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
* Luteinizing hormone (LH)
* Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
* Growth hormone (GH)
* Prolactin

Answer 21

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Question 22

Hormones, which include oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), actually originate in the hypothalamus

Answer 22

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Question 23

Anterior pituitary gland key hormones:
1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
4. Growth Hormone

Answer 23

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)——Stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands

Luteinizing hormone (LH)——Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)——Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland

Question 24

Functions of Growth Hormone?
What stimulates and what inhibts it?

Answer 24

1. Controls peptied hormones
   ° Stimulates: Growth hormone-releasing hormone
   ° Inhibits: Somatostatin

2. Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
°Muscle Growth

3. Essential growth of all tissues
   ° Amino acids uptake use it for protien synthesis
   °and long bone growth
4. Preserves/ Spares blood glucose
   °Opposes insulin action, reduces the use of plasma glucose
   °Increases gluconeogenesis
   ° Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

Question 25

Growth homrone is a ___ . Which is why you have to inject it, and you can’t ingest it.

Answer 25

peptide. It is a protien.

Question 26

What are benifits of injecting GH supplementation?
Whats the catch?

Answer 26

1. Increased Muscle MAss
2. Enhanced Lipolysis
3. Impoved Recovery
4. Bone Strengthing

Exercise does the same thing