Unit 1: Chapter 3: Flashcards
What are the structures of the cell, and what are their functions?
1) Cell membrane (Sarcolmma in skeletal muscle)
— Separates cell from environment
2) Nucleus
— Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
—contains genetic info
3) Cytoplasm (Sarcoplasm)
—Fluid
—Contains organelles
—Mitochondria
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
Metabolic Reactions:
Anabolic vs. Catabolic reactions
Which are Endergonic and Exergonic?
Anabolic reaction — Synthesis of molecules—(Endergonic)
Catabolic reaction —Breakdown of molecules—(Exergonic)
Bioenergetic
Process of converting food to energy
(You can guess what the metabolism through oxygen consumption — How you burn calories )
Coupled Reactions
Energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction.
Why do we release energy a little bit at a time instead of all at once?
So we don’t damage the cells.
Oxidation + Reduction
Oxidation—Removing an electron or Hydrogen (remove — charge)
Reduction— Addition of an electron or Hydrogen (+)
(Or water)
Oxidation and reaction are always ___ reactions.
Coupled reactions
Two most important carrier molecules in electron transport?
What do they do?
NAD and FAD— Transfer electrons during bioenergetic reactions
1) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
—Oxidized from: NAD+
—Reduced from of NAD: NADH
2)Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
—Oxidized form of FAD: FAD
—Reduced form: FADH2
what are Enzyme? What do they do to the speed of reactions?
Enzyme—Cellular proteins that catalyze reactions.
They speed up reactions by Lower the energy of activation
What are factors that regulate enzyme activity?
1) Temperature
—Because temp. increases enzyme activity. And if it is a large temp increase, it could denature (uwind) them.
2) pH
—Any change to pH can decrease Enzyme activity
—Creates acid
Which type of reactions can Enzyme-catalyze?
What do they interact with?
What type of rections can they do and do it to?
They can catalyze any type of reaction; All proteins
Substrates (Locke and key theory);
Catablic or Anabolic
Kinases
Adds a phosphate to a reaction
Dehydrogenases
Remove hydrogen
Oxidases
Cataylze oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen
Isomerases
Rearrangment of the structure of molecules
____ Levels in the blood serve as biomarkers of disease ot tissue damage
Enzyme
Elevated lactate dehydrogenase or creatine kinase in the blood by indicate a ____
myocardial infarction
List THREE forms in which the human body stores energy
Carbohydrates, Fats, and protien
List in order major energy systems; calorie range and distance?
ATP–(1)–(17.5 yards)
PCr—(4)—70 yards)
Carbs—(20-1,500)—(150 yards-15 Miles)
Fat—(7-80,000)—(123 yards-800 miles)
Protien—(30,000)—(300 miles)
ATP can be thought of as the body’s “energy currency,” ATP stands for:
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is glucose?
Glucose–blood sugar
What are lipid droplets of fat?
Triglcoride
Glycerol
Free Fatty Acid
What is Glycogen? What is it made of? Where is it stored?
Glycogen—The storage form of glucose
Made: Polysaccharide, Glucose
Stored in: Liver, Skeletal Muscle
What is Glcogenolysis?
break down of glycogen to glucose
(By Enzyme Glycogen Synthase)
What are fatty acids? How and where is it stored? How os it broken down?
Store it as triglycerides in fat or muscle;
Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids by lipolysis.
What are proteins made of? How are they used as an energy scource?
**chain of Amino Acids (AA) **
(converted to glucose in the liver) == Gluconeogensis
or
converted to metablic intermediates (TCA) == fuel in muscle
What are the different ways ATP forms?
Anaerobic pathways: No O2
1) PC Breakdown
2) Glycolisis (dehydration of glucose and glycogen)
3) Oxidative formation of ATP
Aerobic Pathways: NEEDS O2
1) Oxidative phosporylation
What is teh enzyme of teh phosphate system?
creatine Kinase
What is the ATP—PC System? When is it used? When does it recharge? How many enzymatic reactions occur and which Enzyme does it use?
ATP-PC System// Phosphagen System—Rapid source of energy because it uses stored ATP (Anaerobic);
At the beginning of ALL activities,
replenishes it every 8 mins;
Few Enzymatic reactions; creatine kinase
Glycolysis is a ___ reaction.
Coupled Reaction
Where does ATP-PC System take place?
Takes place outside the mitochondria;
In the sarcoplasm
What does Creatine kinase do?
catalyzes the breakdown of PC
synthesis ATP
What are the two phases of Glycolysis? What major event happens in each?
1) Energy investment phase
—Glucose converted
—2 ATP required
2) Energy generation/ harvest phase
—4 ATP produced
—2 NADH
—2 pyruvate / lactatete
What is fast Glycolysis?
Anaerobic glycolysis
— Converts pyruvate to lactate
—gain 2-3 ATP
—oxy (30-120 secs)
—High-intensity exercise
What is Slow Glycolysis?
Aerobic glycolysis
—Shuttles pyruvate to mitochondria
—Kerba Cycle
—Lower-intensity exercise
—32 ATP per glucose!
What is the Cori Cycle?
When lactate is transported in the blood liver to be converted to glucose
Is lactate the cause of fatigue?
NO
What enzyme catalyzes lacted from pyruvate?
Lactate dehydrogenase
Define rate-limiting enzymes
An enzyme that regulates the speed of a metabolic pathway
What are the modulators of rate-limiting enzymes?
1) Levels of ATP and ADP+P
(Too high = limit ATP production; too low = stimulate ATP production)
2) Calcium Stimulates aerobic ATP production
