Unit 3 Chapter 1B (Eukaryotic Cells)

Question 1

Organelles

Answer 1

Membrane-bound structures that perform specific tasks
- A cell may have many copies of each organelle

Question 2

Function of An Organelle

Answer 2

1. Genetic Control of Cell
2. Manufacture, distribution, & breakdown of molecules
3. Energy processing
4. Structural support, movement, & communication between cells

Question 3

Cellular Metabolism

Answer 3

The chemical activities of the cell
- Each organelle maintains its own specific internal chemical conditions

Question 4

Organelles Found Only in Animal Cells

Answer 4

1. Lysosomes & centrosomes
2. Flagella & cilia
   - Rare in plant cells

Question 5

Organelles Found Only in Plant Cells

Answer 5

1. Cell wall
2. Plasmodesma
3. Chloroplasts
4. Large Central Vacuole

Question 6

Plasmodesma

Answer 6

Cytoplasmic channels that link adjacent cells

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

Location of photosynthesis

Question 8

Large Central Vacuole

Answer 8

Stores water & chemicals

Question 9

Functions of Nucleus

Answer 9

• Contain’s DNA
• Controls the cells activities by directing protein synthesis

Question 10

How is DNA organized?

Answer 10

Organized into chromosomes
- DNA associates with many proteins
- Proteins help coil the strands of DNA to form a chromosome
- Human cell has 46 separate chromosomes

Question 11

Chromatin

Answer 11

Complex of proteins and DNA

Question 12

Structure of the Nucleus

Answer 12

Contains the nuclear envelope and nucleolus

Question 13

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 13

Double membrane enclosing the nucleus

Question 14

Pore proteins

Answer 14

Regulates the flow of large molecules and connect the nucleus to the ER

Question 15

Nucleolus

Answer 15

Location where rRNA is synthesized
- Proteins made in cytoplasm are brought into nucleus to assemble with rRNA to make ribosomes

Question 16

Ribosomes

Answer 16

Cellular components that use instructions from nucleus to build proteins
- Interacts with mRNA to make proteins

Question 17

Location of Free Ribosomes

Answer 17

Suspended in the cytosol

Question 18

Location of Bound Ribosomes

Answer 18

Attached outside of the ER and nucleus

Question 19

Function of Free Ribosomes

Answer 19

Proteins created here generally function in the cytosol

Question 20

Function of Bound Ribosomes

Answer 20

Make proteins that will be exported from the cell

Question 21

Endomembrane System

Answer 21

Internal membranes involved in most cellular functions
- Synthesis, storage, distribution, export of molecules

Question 22

Function of Membranes

Answer 22

Divides the cell into functional compartments
- Can be either physically connected or linked by transport
vesicles

Question 23

Vesicle

Answer 23

Sac made of membrane

Question 24

What does the Endomembrane System consist of?

Answer 24

1. Nuclear envelope
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. Golgi Apparatus
4. Lysosomes
5. Vesicles
6. Vacuoles
7. Plasma membrane

Question 25

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 25

Network of flattened sacs & tubles - Largest component of endomembrane system - Linked to nuclear envelope

Question 26

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 26

Major manufacturing site in the cell - Vesicles are packaged in the ER to travel to other organelles

Question 27

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 27

- Synthesis of lipids (oils, phospholipids, & steroids) - Stores calcium ions - Acts as a detoxification system.

Question 28

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 28

It synthesizes new membrane fragments - Grows its own membrane by adding phospholipids & membrane proteins - Completed membranes are transported as vesicles to proper area of cell

Question 29

Ribosomes in Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 29

Proteins made by ribosomes that attach to RER are excreted from cell (Ex. Secretory proteins)

Question 30

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 30

Stack of unconnected flattened sacs - Cell may contain hundreds of this organelle - Cells active in protein excretion have more

Question 31

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Answer 31

Warehouse & processing station for molecules made by ER - Products are transported to their destination

Question 32

Processing in the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 32

1. Docking Station 2. Vesicles adds its membrane & contents to the sac 3. Products are modified as they travel

Question 33

Lysosomes

Answer 33

Membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes - Provides an acidic environment for enzymes to function - Protects rest of cell from acidic conditions

Question 33

Where are membranes & enzymes made?

Answer 33

Endomembrane System

Question 34

Types of Digestive Functions

Answer 34

1. Digestion of food 2. Destruction of pathogens 3. Recycling of damaged cell components

Question 35

Lysosomal Diseases

Answer 35

Diseases where lysosomal enzymes are missing

Question 36

Effects of Lysosomal Diseases

Answer 36

- Lysosomes become engorged - Interferes with cellular function

Question 37

Vacuoles

Answer 37

Large vesicles with multiple functions

Question 38

Example of Lysosomal Disease

Answer 38

Tay-Sachs diseases - Enzyme that digests lipids is missing - Lipids accumulate to high levels

Question 38

Function of Central Vacuole in Plants

Answer 38

Absorbs water allowing the cell to grow in size - Stores chemicals that may contain toxic waste

Question 39

Types of Vacuoles

Answer 39

- Food vacuole - Contractile vacuole

Question 40

A Function of Vacuoles

Answer 40

Plant & fungal digestion - Plant seeds store reserves of proteins - Flower petals hold pigments to attract pollinators - Plants store compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals Ex. Nicotine, caffeine

Question 41

Peroxisomes

Answer 41

Metabolic, membrane-bound compartments that don't originate in endomembrane system

Question 42

Mitochondria

Answer 42

Carries out cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells

Question 43

Structure of Mitochondria

Answer 43

Enclosed by 2 membranes - Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins - Inner membrane is highly folded

Question 44

Benefits of Inner Membrane of a Mitochondria being highly folded

Answer 44

Increases membrane surface area to maximize ATP production

Question 45

Internal Compartments within the Mitochondria

Answer 45

1. Intermembrane Space 2. Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 46

Intermembrane Space

Answer 46

Region in between inner & outer membranes

Question 47

Mitochondrial Matrix

Answer 47

Region inside inner membrane - Has mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes