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BIOL 1000 > Unit 3 Chapter 1B (Eukaryotic Cells) > Flashcards

Unit 3 Chapter 1B (Eukaryotic Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

Organelles

A

Membrane-bound structures that perform specific tasks
- A cell may have many copies of each organelle

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2
Q

Function of An Organelle

A
  1. Genetic Control of Cell
  2. Manufacture, distribution, & breakdown of molecules
  3. Energy processing
  4. Structural support, movement, & communication between cells
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3
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

The chemical activities of the cell
- Each organelle maintains its own specific internal chemical conditions

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4
Q

Organelles Found Only in Animal Cells

A
  1. Lysosomes & centrosomes
  2. Flagella & cilia
    - Rare in plant cells
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5
Q

Organelles Found Only in Plant Cells

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Plasmodesma
  3. Chloroplasts
  4. Large Central Vacuole
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6
Q

Plasmodesma

A

Cytoplasmic channels that link adjacent cells

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7
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Location of photosynthesis

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8
Q

Large Central Vacuole

A

Stores water & chemicals

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9
Q

Functions of Nucleus

A
  • Contain’s DNA
  • Controls the cells activities by directing protein synthesis
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10
Q

How is DNA organized?

A

Organized into chromosomes
- DNA associates with many proteins
- Proteins help coil the strands of DNA to form a chromosome
- Human cell has 46 separate chromosomes

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of proteins and DNA

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12
Q

Structure of the Nucleus

A

Contains the nuclear envelope and nucleolus

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13
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Double membrane enclosing the nucleus

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14
Q

Pore proteins

A

Regulates the flow of large molecules and connect the nucleus to the ER

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15
Q

Nucleolus

A

Location where rRNA is synthesized
- Proteins made in cytoplasm are brought into nucleus to assemble with rRNA to make ribosomes

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Cellular components that use instructions from nucleus to build proteins
- Interacts with mRNA to make proteins

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17
Q

Location of Free Ribosomes

A

Suspended in the cytosol

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18
Q

Location of Bound Ribosomes

A

Attached outside of the ER and nucleus

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19
Q

Function of Free Ribosomes

A

Proteins created here generally function in the cytosol

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20
Q

Function of Bound Ribosomes

A

Make proteins that will be exported from the cell

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21
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Internal membranes involved in most cellular functions
- Synthesis, storage, distribution, export of molecules

22
Q

Function of Membranes

A

Divides the cell into functional compartments
- Can be either physically connected or linked by transport
vesicles

23
Q

Vesicle

A

Sac made of membrane

24
Q

What does the Endomembrane System consist of?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi Apparatus
  4. Lysosomes
  5. Vesicles
  6. Vacuoles
  7. Plasma membrane
25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Network of flattened sacs & tubles
- Largest component of endomembrane system
- Linked to nuclear envelope

26
Q

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Major manufacturing site in the cell
- Vesicles are packaged in the ER to travel to other organelles

27
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Synthesis of lipids (oils, phospholipids, & steroids)
  • Stores calcium ions
  • Acts as a detoxification system.
28
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

It synthesizes new membrane fragments
- Grows its own membrane by adding phospholipids & membrane proteins
- Completed membranes are transported as vesicles to proper area of cell

29
Q

Ribosomes in Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Proteins made by ribosomes that attach to RER are excreted from cell (Ex. Secretory proteins)

30
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Stack of unconnected flattened sacs
- Cell may contain hundreds of this organelle
- Cells active in protein excretion have more

31
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Warehouse & processing station for molecules made by ER
- Products are transported to their destination

32
Q

Processing in the Golgi Apparatus

A
  1. Docking Station
  2. Vesicles adds its membrane & contents to the sac
  3. Products are modified as they travel
33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes
- Provides an acidic environment for enzymes to function
- Protects rest of cell from acidic conditions

33
Q

Where are membranes & enzymes made?

A

Endomembrane System

34
Q

Types of Digestive Functions

A
  1. Digestion of food
  2. Destruction of pathogens
  3. Recycling of damaged cell components
35
Q

Lysosomal Diseases

A

Diseases where lysosomal enzymes are missing

36
Q

Effects of Lysosomal Diseases

A
  • Lysosomes become engorged
  • Interferes with cellular function
37
Q

Vacuoles

A

Large vesicles with multiple functions

38
Q

Example of Lysosomal Disease

A

Tay-Sachs diseases
- Enzyme that digests lipids is missing
- Lipids accumulate to high levels

38
Q

Function of Central Vacuole in Plants

A

Absorbs water allowing the cell to grow in size
- Stores chemicals that may contain toxic waste

39
Q

Types of Vacuoles

A
  • Food vacuole
  • Contractile vacuole
40
Q

A Function of Vacuoles

A

Plant & fungal digestion
- Plant seeds store reserves of proteins
- Flower petals hold pigments to attract pollinators
- Plants store compounds that are poisonous or unpalatable to animals
Ex. Nicotine, caffeine

41
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Metabolic, membrane-bound compartments that don’t originate in endomembrane system

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carries out cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells

43
Q

Structure of Mitochondria

A

Enclosed by 2 membranes
- Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
- Inner membrane is highly folded

44
Q

Benefits of Inner Membrane of a Mitochondria being highly folded

A

Increases membrane surface area to maximize ATP production

45
Q

Internal Compartments within the Mitochondria

A
  1. Intermembrane Space
  2. Mitochondrial Matrix
46
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

Region in between inner & outer membranes

47
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Region inside inner membrane
- Has mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes

BIOL 1000 (5 decks)

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