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BIOL 1000 > Unit 3 Chapter 1A (Microscopy & Intro to the Cell) > Flashcards

Unit 3 Chapter 1A (Microscopy & Intro to the Cell) Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First person to look at a plant through a microscope

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2
Q

Cellulae

A

Tiny compartments

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A

Living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

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4
Q

Light Microscope

A

Visible light passes through a sample and glass lens. Passes through the ocular lens and then objective lens.
- Light is bent to magnify image of the specimen
- Earliest type of microscope
- Image projected into eye or camera

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5
Q

Magnification

A

The increase in an object’s image size

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6
Q

Resolution

A

Measure of the clarity of an image
- The ability to distinguish 2 nearby objects as being separate

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7
Q

Resolution of a human eye

A

0.1 - 0.2mm

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8
Q

Resolution of a light microscope

A

0.2 microns
- Resolution will not improve after its been magnified about 1000x

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9
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

Focuses beams of electrons through a specimen sample
- Electromagnets bend the electron path & magnify image
- Images are always black & white
- Use began in the 1950s

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10
Q

Scanning EM (SEM)

A

Studying the detailed architecture of a cell
- Sample is usually coated with thin film of gold
- Electrons excite the gold atoms
- Electrons are scattered and detected by a device that prjects an image into a screen
- 3D Image

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11
Q

Transmission EM (TEM)

A

Electron beam passed through a thin section of a specimen
- Stains with heavy metal coat certain types of cellular structures
- Electrons are scattered by the more densely stained parts
- Electrons are detected and an image is made

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12
Q

Electron Microscopy Limitation

A

Can’t be use to look at living samples
- Due to the specimen having to be broken up

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13
Q

Light Microscopy Limitation

A

Many parts of a cell and some full microorganisms are too small to see

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14
Q

Minimum Size of a Cell

A

Large enough to store enough DNA, proteins, and structures to survive & reproduce

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15
Q

Max. Size of a Cell

A

Influenced by geometry
- Enough surface area to service the full cell volume

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16
Q

Surface to Volume Ratio

A

A large cell has more surface area than a small cell but lower surface-to-volume ratio

17
Q

Types of Cells

A

Prokaryotic Cells & Eukaryotic Cells

18
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

First cells to evolve and lived for about 1.5 billion years before eukaryotic cells evolved
- Bacteria & Archaea
- Small, simple cell structure

19
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Evolved from prokaryotic cells about 1.8 billions years ago
- All higher forms of life like plants, animals, fungi
- Larger, more complex cells

20
Q

Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)

A

Membrane that surrounds the cell. A flexible boundary between the living cell and its surrounding environments.
- Very thin
- Phospholipid bilayer

21
Q

Characteristics of the Cell Membrane

A
  • Proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
  • Hydrophobic regions embedded in membrane
  • Hydrophilic regions protrude into the aqueous solutions inside or out the membrane
22
Q

Plasma Membrane Function

A

Regulates flow of material in and out of cells

23
Q

What can pass through the Cell Membrane?

A
  • Small non-polar molecules (O2, CO2)
  • Polar Compounds (water, ions, etc)
  • Large Molecules (polar and non-polar)
24
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Forms a tunnel through the cell membrane which helps polar compounds get through.

25
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Changes shape to push molecules through cell membrane which helps large molecules get through.

26
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Entire contents of the inside of the cells, excluding interior part of nucleus

27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Machinery for protein synthesis

28
Q

Cytosol

A

Aqueous solution the fills the cells

29
Q

DNA

A

1 or more chromosome
- Prokaryotic has 1 chromosome

30
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Small and simple structure that’s about one tenth the size of a eukaryotic cell and has no internal membrane-bound structures

31
Q

Parts of a Prokaryotic Cell

A
  1. Nucleiod
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Cell wall
  4. Capsule
  5. Flagella
32
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of the cell where the chromosome is coiled

33
Q

Ribosome

A

Are smaller and have a slightly different structure than eukaryotes

34
Q

Cell wall

A

Rigid, chemically complex shell surrounding plasma membrane
- Protects the cell
- Maintains cell’s shape

35
Q

Capsule

A

Sticky outer coat around cell wall
- Glues the cells to surfaces or other cells
- Not in all prokaryotes

36
Q

Flagella

A

Long projection that propels a cell through its environment
- Not in all prokaryotes

BIOL 1000 (5 decks)

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