Unit 2 Chapter 1 (Basic Chemistry)

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 2

Three Physical States of Matter

Answer 2

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Question 3

Element

Answer 3

Substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by normal chemical means.
- 118 elements
- 92 found in nature

Question 4

Compound

Answer 4

Substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
- Has different characteristics than its elements

Question 5

How many elements are organisms components made of?

Answer 5

3 or 4 elements

Question 6

Number of elements needed for humans?

Answer 6

25 elements

Question 7

Number of elements needed for plants?

Answer 7

17 elements

Question 8

The Big Six

Answer 8

Makes up 99% of matter in our bodies

Question 9

Building blocks of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Answer 9

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Question 10

Most important element for DNA

Answer 10

Phosphorous

Question 11

Elements important for bones & teeth

Answer 11

P & Ca

Question 12

Elements important for nerve signalling & chemical reactions

Answer 12

K, S, Na, Cl, Mg

Question 13

Element essential for organisms

Answer 13

Iron

Question 14

Element only needed by certain species

Answer 14

Iodine

Question 15

Subatomic Particles

Answer 15

A particle smaller than an atom.
- Ex. proton

Question 16

Atom

Answer 16

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
- Every element has its own unique atom.

Question 17

Atoms can be split into which subatomic particles?

Answer 17

Proton, Electron, Neutron

Question 18

Proton

Answer 18

Single positive charge

Question 19

Electron

Answer 19

Single negative charge

Question 20

Neutron

Answer 20

Electrically neutral in charges. It has the same amount of protons and electrons

Question 21

Nucleus

Answer 21

Central core of an atom

Question 22

What do electrons do around a nucleus?

Answer 22

They form a cloud of negative charges around it

Question 23

What are negative electrons attracted to?

Answer 23

Postive protons

Question 24

Atomic Number

Answer 24

Number of protons in atom

Question 25

Mass Number

Answer 25

Number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

Question 26

Atomic Mass

Answer 26

Weight of an atom

Question 27

Isotopes

Answer 27

Atoms that have the same number of protons & behaves the same way chemically with different number of neutrons. - All atoms of an element have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Question 28

Radioactive Isotope

Answer 28

It's when the nucleus is unstable and decays, which releases particles & energy (radiation). - Radiation damages cellular molecules - Radioactive molecules are used to date fossils.

Question 29

Unstable Isotope Example

Answer 29

C14

Question 30

Stable Isotopes Example(s)

Answer 30

C12 and C13

Question 31

How can radioactive isotopes be used in medicine?

Answer 31

- Can be used as a chemical tag to detect chemical buildup in certain areas of the body. - Thyroid cancer can be targeted with radioactive iodine as iodine accumulates in thyroid.

Question 32

Electron Shell Capacity

Answer 32

1st = 2 electrons 2nd = 8 electrons 3rd = 8 electrons

Question 33

Chemical Activity of Atoms:

Answer 33

Only electrons are involved in chemical activity of atoms. Electrons can be found in different electron shells.

Question 34

Valence Shell

Answer 34

- Outer shell of an atom - Atoms interact to complete or fill valence shell

Question 35

Valence electrons

Answer 35

Electrons on the valence shell

Question 36

Inert Element

Answer 36

Element whos atom have a complete valence shell. - They don't interact with other atoms.

Question 37

Chemical Reaction

Answer 37

Breaking chemical bonds & making new ones. - Occurs when two atoms with incomplete shells come together.

Question 38

Chemical Bond

Answer 38

Attraction & interactions between atoms

Question 39

Ionic Bond

Answer 39

Transfer of electrons from an atom to another - An atom strips an electron away from the other.

Question 40

Covalent Bond

Answer 40

Sharing of electrons between atoms

Question 41

Bonding Capacity (Valence)

Answer 41

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form

Question 42

Molecule

Answer 42

2 or more atoms bound together by covalent bonds

Question 43

Electronegativity

Answer 43

Atom's measure of attraction for shared electrons

Question 44

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 44

When electrons are shared equally since the 2 atoms have the same electronegativity

Question 45

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 45

It's when electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative element - One atom has a slightly negative charge while the other has a slightly positive charge. - Oxygen is one of the most electronegative elements and has a high chance of creating a polar covalent bond.

Question 46

Ion

Answer 46

An atom with electrical charge due to gain or loss of electrons.

Question 47

An"ion"

Answer 47

Negative

Question 48

Cat"ion"

Answer 48

Positive

Question 49

Salt

Answer 49

Any ionic compound - Are strong and hard when dry, but easily dissolvable in water. - Many drugs are made of salt

Question 50

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 50

Weak bonds within and between polar molecules - Involves the atom of hydrogen - Hydrogen is attracted to oxygen & nitrogen

Question 51

Reactants in a chemical reaction

Answer 51

Starting materials

Question 52

Balancing of Chemical Equation

Answer 52

Same amount of atoms on both sides of the equation

Question 53

Products in a chemical reaction

Answer 53

Materials that result from chemical reaction