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BIOL 1000 > Unit 2 Chapter 1 (Basic Chemistry) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Chapter 1 (Basic Chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

Three Physical States of Matter

A

Solid, Liquid, Gas

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3
Q

Element

A

Substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by normal chemical means.
- 118 elements
- 92 found in nature

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4
Q

Compound

A

Substance consisting of 2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
- Has different characteristics than its elements

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5
Q

How many elements are organisms components made of?

A

3 or 4 elements

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6
Q

Number of elements needed for humans?

A

25 elements

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7
Q

Number of elements needed for plants?

A

17 elements

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8
Q

The Big Six

A

Makes up 99% of matter in our bodies

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9
Q

Building blocks of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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10
Q

Most important element for DNA

A

Phosphorous

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11
Q

Elements important for bones & teeth

A

P & Ca

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12
Q

Elements important for nerve signalling & chemical reactions

A

K, S, Na, Cl, Mg

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13
Q

Element essential for organisms

A

Iron

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14
Q

Element only needed by certain species

A

Iodine

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15
Q

Subatomic Particles

A

A particle smaller than an atom.
- Ex. proton

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16
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
- Every element has its own unique atom.

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17
Q

Atoms can be split into which subatomic particles?

A

Proton, Electron, Neutron

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18
Q

Proton

A

Single positive charge

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19
Q

Electron

A

Single negative charge

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20
Q

Neutron

A

Electrically neutral in charges. It has the same amount of protons and electrons

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

Central core of an atom

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22
Q

What do electrons do around a nucleus?

A

They form a cloud of negative charges around it

23
Q

What are negative electrons attracted to?

A

Postive protons

24
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in atom

25
Q

Mass Number

A

Number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

26
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Weight of an atom

27
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms that have the same number of protons & behaves the same way chemically with different number of neutrons.
- All atoms of an element have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

28
Q

Radioactive Isotope

A

It’s when the nucleus is unstable and decays, which releases particles & energy (radiation).
- Radiation damages cellular molecules
- Radioactive molecules are used to date fossils.

29
Q

Unstable Isotope Example

A

C14

30
Q

Stable Isotopes Example(s)

A

C12 and C13

31
Q

How can radioactive isotopes be used in medicine?

A
  • Can be used as a chemical tag to detect chemical buildup in certain areas of the body.
  • Thyroid cancer can be targeted with radioactive iodine as iodine accumulates in thyroid.
32
Q

Electron Shell Capacity

A

1st = 2 electrons
2nd = 8 electrons
3rd = 8 electrons

33
Q

Chemical Activity of Atoms:

A

Only electrons are involved in chemical activity of atoms. Electrons can be found in different electron shells.

34
Q

Valence Shell

A
  • Outer shell of an atom
  • Atoms interact to complete or fill valence shell
35
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons on the valence shell

36
Q

Inert Element

A

Element whos atom have a complete valence shell.
- They don’t interact with other atoms.

37
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Breaking chemical bonds & making new ones.
- Occurs when two atoms with incomplete shells come together.

38
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Attraction & interactions between atoms

39
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Transfer of electrons from an atom to another
- An atom strips an electron away from the other.

40
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

41
Q

Bonding Capacity (Valence)

A

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form

42
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms bound together by covalent bonds

43
Q

Electronegativity

A

Atom’s measure of attraction for shared electrons

44
Q

Non-polar Covalent Bonds

A

When electrons are shared equally since the 2 atoms have the same electronegativity

45
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

It’s when electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative element
- One atom has a slightly negative charge while the other has a slightly positive charge.
- Oxygen is one of the most electronegative elements and has a high chance of creating a polar covalent bond.

46
Q

Ion

A

An atom with electrical charge due to gain or loss of electrons.

47
Q

An”ion”

A

Negative

48
Q

Cat”ion”

A

Positive

49
Q

Salt

A

Any ionic compound
- Are strong and hard when dry, but easily dissolvable in water.
- Many drugs are made of salt

50
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak bonds within and between polar molecules
- Involves the atom of hydrogen
- Hydrogen is attracted to oxygen & nitrogen

51
Q

Reactants in a chemical reaction

A

Starting materials

52
Q

Balancing of Chemical Equation

A

Same amount of atoms on both sides of the equation

53
Q

Products in a chemical reaction

A

Materials that result from chemical reaction

BIOL 1000 (5 decks)

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