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BIOL 1000 > Unit 2 (Chemistry) Chapter 3 (Macromolecules) > Flashcards

Unit 2 (Chemistry) Chapter 3 (Macromolecules) Flashcards

1
Q

Carbon

A

Basis of almost all molecules important for life

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2
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Carbon based molecules
- Usually contains hydrogen atoms
- Double bonds change the shape of a molecule

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3
Q

Carbon Skeleton

A

Chain of carbon atoms that makes the backbone of an organic molecule

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4
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

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5
Q

Isomers in Pharmacology

A

2 Isomers of a drug may not be equally effective or have very different effects

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6
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules that consists of only hydrogen & carbon
- Major components of petroleum
- Found in areas with much larger complex compounds

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7
Q

Chemical Group

A

Atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

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8
Q

6 Chemical Groups

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl
  3. Carboxyl
  4. Amino group
  5. Phosphate group
  6. Methyl group
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9
Q

Polar Groups

A

Are hydrophilic
- Hydroxyl
- Carbonyl
- Carboxyl
- Amino
- Phosphate

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10
Q

Non-polar Groups

A

Are hydrophobic
- Methyl

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11
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

Are alcohols

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12
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

Found in simple sugars

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13
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

Donates an H+ to a solution making it acidic

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14
Q

Amino Group

A

Getting an H+ from a solution and are called amines

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15
Q

Phosphate Group

A

Often ionized b/c O atoms are negative

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16
Q

Methyl Group

A

Affects gene expression

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17
Q

4 Classes of Macromolecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
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18
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules made of large polymers

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19
Q

Polymers

A

Small molecules joint together in chains
- Macromolecules are made of large polymers

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20
Q

Monomers

A

Building block of polymers

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21
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

Removes a molecule of water as 2 molecules become bonded together
- OH- from 1 molecule, H+ from the other

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22
Q

How is a polymer made?

A

It is made through a dehydration reaction

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23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Digestion of polymers into monomers
- Opposite of dehydration reaction
- OH- attaches to 1 monomer H+ attaches to the other

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24
Q

How are polymers broken?

A

It is broken through hydrolysis

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25
Q

Carbohydrates

A

They are sugars or saccharides that can be small or large molecules which are mostly hydrophilic

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26
Q

Monosaccharides and an example

A

Simplest of sugars and are the main fuel for cells that contains a carbonyl & multiple hydroxyl groups.
- Ex. Honey is made up of glucose & fructose (both are isomers)

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27
Q

How do Monosaccharides Form Rings

A

It creates rings with 3-7 carbons
- Most are pentoses (5 carbons) & hexoses (6 carbons)
- Pentoses & hexoses are the primary ring structures

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28
Q

Chemical Formula Characteristic of Monosaccharides

A

It is generally a multiple of CH2O

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29
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two monosaccharides linked together
- Ex. Maltose = two glucose molecules

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30
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked together that stores molecules & structural compounds

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31
Q

Four types of Polysaccharides

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
  4. Chitin
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32
Q

Starch

A

It acts as a storage polysaccharide in plants
- Coiled into a helical shape
- Most animals have enzymes to hydrolyze starch
- Main sources are potatoes & grains

33
Q

Glycogen

A

The stored form of glucose in animals mostly in liver & muscle cells
- Highly branched
- Liver & muscle cells hydrolyze glycogen to release glucose molecules

34
Q

Cellulose

A

Polymer of glucose
- Cable-like microfibrils
- Most abundant organic compound
- Animals can’t break it down
- Some microorganisms can hydrolyze cellulose

35
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty compounds that perform different functions on the body
- All are hydrophobic
- Smallest of the macromolecules
- Not polymers made up of monomers

36
Q

3 Types of Lipids

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
37
Q

Fat

A

3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule that stores energy
- Synonym is triglyceride

38
Q

Fat characteristics

A
  • Gram of fat stores twice as much energy as a gram of carbohydrates
  • Plants store most their energy as carbohydrates
  • Animals store energy as fats
39
Q

Glycerol

A

Small sugar

40
Q

Fatty acids

A

Carboxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon chain
- Hydrocarbon chains are non-polar

41
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain that has 1 or more bonds

42
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Hydrocarbon chain that has single bonds
- Will have the max possible number of hydrogen atoms

43
Q

Characteristics of Unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • Fats of most plants & fish
  • Kinks in fatty acid chains
  • Liquid at room temp
44
Q

Characteristics of Saturated fatty acids

A
  • Most animals fats
  • No bends in fatty acid chains
  • Solid at room temp
45
Q

Partially Hydrogenated Oils

A

Unsaturated fats converted to saturated fats

46
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major part of cell membranes
- Similar structure to fats
- Arranges as a double layered sheet with fatty acid tails in middle and glycerol heads on the outside

47
Q

Steroids

A

Carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings
- Different steroids vary in chemical groups attached to them
- Ex. Cholesterol

48
Q

Proteins

A

Polymer of small building blocks named amino acids
- Almost all functions of body needs needs protein
- Structurally and functionally most varied

49
Q

Role of Proteins List

A

(ETDSRCSS)
- Enzymes
- Transport molecules
- Defense proteins
- Signaling proteins
- Receptor proteins
- Contractile proteins
- Structural proteins
- Storage proteins

50
Q

Characteristics of Proteins

A
  • Function of protein depends on structure
  • Each protein has a unique shape
  • Proteins must recognize and bind to other molecules to function
50
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Most enzymes & many other proteins

51
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

Shape of protein makes the filament strong
- Ex. Structural proteins in hair

52
Q

Denaturation

A

Process where a protein unravels & loses its shape, therefore also losing function
- Proteins fold spontaneously into correct shape
- Ex. Heat can denature a protein

53
Q

Effect of Incorrectly Folded Proteins

A

Can often cause diseases
- Ex. Alzheimer’s

54
Q

Prions

A

Infectious misshapen proteins connected to degenerative brain disease
- Ex. Mad cow disease

55
Q

Amino Acids

A

Building blocks of proteins

56
Q

Characteristics of Amino Acids

A
  • 20 standard amino acids
  • All have an amino, carboxyl, and a variable chemical group (R group)
  • Hydrophobic amino acids have non-polar R groups
  • Hydrophilic amino acids have polar R groups
57
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Dehydration reaction between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other.

58
Q

Dipeptide

A

Molecule (or peptide) made of 2 amino acids

59
Q

Polypeptide

A

Chain of amino acids
- Most proteins are at least 100 amino acids longs

60
Q

Characteristics of Polypeptides

A
  • Proteins are made of polypeptides
  • They must be coiled & folded into its final shape to make a protein
  • R groups on the amino acid affect the folding of polypeptides
61
Q

Primary Structure

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

62
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Parts of the polypeptide chain coil & folds into regional patterns

63
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The overall 3D shape of the folded polypeptide

64
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Some protein consists of more than 1 polypeptide chain called subunits

65
Q

Function of subunits

A
  • Subunits interact with each other to complete the protein
66
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

The 4th macromolecule

67
Q

Gene

A

Unit of inheritance that determines the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

68
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

The nucleic acid that a gene is made of.

69
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Nucleic acid that forms the polypeptide with instructions from DNA

70
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers that make up nucleic acids
- 5-carbon sugar
- Phosphate group

71
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A

Structure that contains nitrogen & carbon

72
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
73
Q

Nitrogenous bases in RNA

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Cytosine (C)
  • Uracil (U)
74
Q

Polynucleotide

A

Polymer built from nucleotide monomers
- Nucleotides are bound together with a dehydration reaction
- Sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases outside of the backbone

75
Q

Nucleic Acid Structure

A
  • RNA: 1 polynucleotide strand
  • DNA: 2 polynucleotide strands wound into a double helix
  • A pairs T & G pairs C
76
Q

Inheritance

A

DNA is the genetic material we inherit from our parents
- DNA provides directions for its own replication

77
Q

Gene Expression

A

Production of proteins using the instructions found in DNA

BIOL 1000 (5 decks)

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