Unit 3 - Challenges of an Urbanising World Flashcards
Why does Mumbai not follow the LEDC City model? (3)
The CBD is near the Island tip, not centre
Mumbai does not follow a circular structure
The Dharavi slums are near the CBD
What 5 parts make up the LEDC City model?
1 - CBD 2 - industry along route 3- high cost housing 4- basic housing 5 - Shanty towns
What percentage of Mumbai life in slums?
60%
What are squatter settlements?
Areas of cities, usually on the outskirts, that are built by people of any material that they can find, on land that does not belong to them.
Where are the Dharavi slums located?
In Maharastra in Mumbai
Give 4 key facts about the Dharavi slums
1 million people in 1 square mile
70 years old
85% of the people have jobs
6000 businesses
Give 2 air pollution problems in the Dharavi slums
Asbestos in the roofs - cause lung cancer
Pottery dunes - cause harmful smoke (soot)
Give 2 water pollution problems in the Dharavi slums
Sewage water runs through streets and mixes with drinking water
Children go to the toilet on the streets
Give 2 housing problems in the Dharavi slums
21 people live in a 12ft x 12ft home
Made of wood - at risk of fire
Give 2 waste problems in the Dharavi slums
Built on a rubbish tip
Toxic waste- causes cholera
Give 2 points for recycling and waster in the DS
80% of plastic is recycled
£1 a day for sieving for valuables
Give 2 points for large scale redevelopment in the DS
Part of Dharavi is threatened by a $2 billion development project
People who are relocated will be put into smaller housing in apartment blocks
Give 2 points for local brand improvements
Toilets at the end of each building
Windows in homes for ventilation
Give 2 points on the slum of hope
Daily chores are done in social spheres to make a sense of community
A pottery area is a community area
What are the 3 types of land use?
Commercial, industrial, residential
Explain a characteristic of commercial land use
Taller buildings as land is expensive and not much space so they build up
Explain a characteristic of industrial land use
Away from the CBD as they need more space
Explain a characteristic of residential areas
The older properties are closer to the centre as cities grow outwards in rings
What are the 3 main classes in Mumbai?
Slums, low middle and upper middle
What is the average salary for a slum dweller?
80p per day
What will happen to slum dwellers in the future?
They will move out of the slums and into the middle class
Living space for low middle class (2)
Small flat
4 people
Jobs for low middle class (3)
Carpenters, drivers, decorators
Salary for low middle class
$2 a day
Spend $4-6 a day
Future for low middle class
Children work in IT, healthcare or engineering
Why do the middle class spend more than they earn?
They have access to credit cards
Living space for upper middle class (2)
Luxury 10th floor apartment
1 bedroom
Jobs for upper middle class (2)
Engineer, operations manager
Salary for upper middle class
$10 a day
Spend $6-10 a say
Future for upper middle class
In 5 years, deposit for their own house
What is hyper-urbanisation?
The rapid growth of city areas, in Mumbai, it is happening 3% a year, doubling every 23 years
How much of Mumbai’s population live in the slums?
60%
Give an example of a new suburb
Navi Mumbai
Why do people move from rural to urban? (3)
More jobs, better education facilities (Mumbai has 12 universities), higher incomes
What is natural increase
The difference between the number of births and deaths
How does natural increase occur in Mumbai?
Young people move to Mumbai for better jobs, settle there, start a family.
Statistics of natural increase
1.4% each year, nearly half of Mumbai annual growth
Give a push factor of Mumbai
Permanent poverty
Pull factor of Mumbai
Better jobs
Why are manufacturers moving to Auragabad
They need more space
Why are middle classes moving to Navi Mumbai
It is cheaper there, cost of Mumbai is increasing.
What is urbanisation?
A process where an increasing proportion of people live in towns and cities.
What happened in the UK in 1975
It was the world first country to reach 50% urban population
What is a metropolitan area
A region consisting of a densely populated urban core and it’s less populated surrounding territories.
What is a conurbation
An urban are consisting of several towns merging, forming a continuous urban area
What is a million city?
A city with at east 1,000,000
What is a mega city?
A city with at least 10,000,000 people
What is a world city?
A city that is a major centre for the global economic system. The importance and influence are bigger than the actual size.
What are the 2 world cities?
London
New York
Give 2 points on New York and economy
1 out of 21 are millionaires
25% of the world’s gold is in vaults under Wall Street
Give 1 fact about London and transport
It was the first city to have an underground railway
Give 2 facts about New York and transport
It has the top international air passenger gateway to the US
More than 10,000 yellow cabs
Give 2 facts about culture in London
300 different languages
14 different faiths practiced
Give 2 facts about culture in NY
36% of its population is foreign born
Roughly half the population don’t speak English at home.
Give 3 facts about rural to urban migration in China
270 million migrant workers have left a life of farming
Migrate for jobs and money
Study in finance
Why is counter-urbanisation happening in Detroit
Due to de-industrialisation
Used to be 1.85 million people, now only 50,000
Poor population couldn’t pay for services, went bankrupt
What is international migration?
Migrating from country to country
What is internal migration?
Migrating within a country, not necessarily from rural to urban
What is the informal sector?
Where the economy is neither taxed or monitored by any form of government
Give 3 examples of informal sector businesses
Market stalls
Car boot sales
Online or in person sales
Give 2 points of the location of Kampala
Southern Uganda
Continent of Africa
Give to informal sector points about Kampala
It is 50% of its GDP
5% manufacturing
Give 2 location points on New Delhi
In India
Capital of India
Give 2 informal sector points for New Delhi
75% of the city
50% of India’s GDP
Give 2 formal sector out s for New Delhi
78% of the city’s GDP
20 is from manufacturing
Give 2 location pints for NY
East coast of North America
USA
Give 2 formal sector points on NY
10% is from manufacturing
Financial sector is 10%
Give 2 advantages for the informal sector
Control your own earnings
More flexible
Give 2 disadvantages for the informal sector
Potentially illegal
Irregular payment
Give 2 advantages for the formal sector
Stable pay
Career progressions
Give 2 disadvantages of the formal sector
Can be sacked
Need an education
What is suburbanisation
People move from inner suburbs to outer suburbs
What is counter urbanisation
When people migrate from urban to rural areas
What is re-urbanisation?
When people leave the city and come back later
How many people live in NY
8.538 million (2015)
What percentage of NY population are immigrants?
37%
Give 2 reasons why suburbanisation occurred in NY
Overcrowded
Had to grow outwards
Why do some people live further from NY city? (2)
It has more space
Buy larger houses
What is white flight?
When all the white people left the inner - city and moved to the suburbs
Why did people re-urbanise in NYC?
The city was safer due to a zero tolerance police
The knowledge economy provided employment
Give 3 things found in the city centre
Central Business District (CBD)
Shopping
Skyscrapers
Give 3 things fund in the inner city
Terraced houses
Old factories
Vacant housing
Give 3 things found in the inner suburbs
Semi detached housing with gardens
More space
Less congestion
What is the housing like in the outer suburbs? (2)
Newer and more expensive
Detached
Give 3 land uses of the rural-urban fringe
Agriculture
Businesses
Shopping
What are the 5 parts of the Burgess Model?
CBD Inner city Inner suburbs Outer suburbs Rural-urban fringe
Give 4 points on Mumbai’s railway
Worlds biggest railway
21 hours a day, 365 days a year
2.5 billion journeys a year
3500 people die every year
Give 2 problems with housing Mumbai face due to an increase in population
Not enough money to build them
Slums will develop
Give 2 negative facts about waste disposal and water supply in Mumbai
800 million litres of untreated sewage go into the river every day
60% use communal taps
What is sustainable development
Improving the quality of life without compromising the future generations
What is top-down development?
Schemes that are funded by the large companies of decisions made by the national government. Local people don’t get involved.
What is the overall aim of Vision Mumbai
To improve the quality of life
When is Vision Mumbai to be completed?
2050
What are the 4 main aims of Vision Mumbai
Demolish slums
Improve water, sanitation and healthcare
Boost economic growth
Improve rail and road transport
How is VM boosting the economic growth (1)
Developers would buy slum land
How is VM going to improve sanitation?
Build 300 extra public toilets
Restore 325 ‘green’ spaces that were used for dumping waste
Why will VM demolish slums
Land is worth $10 billion
Extra 30% more land
How will VM improve transport
Improve train capacity and safety
Widen and beautify main roads
Give 3 points that are for VM
In 2007, 45,000 slum homes were demolished
In 2015, new smashers were taken to improve the air quality.
Train platforms have been raised to prevent people from falling in the gaps
Give 3 points against VM
The waiter quality has not improved and there is now an increase in discharge
New 14 storey apartment blocks have spit communities.
Slums are still rapidly growing
What is bottom-up development
Experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives.
Give 3 points about the healthcare in Mumbai
Diseases spread easily
There is not national health service
There is the disease Leprosy
What is Lok Seva Sangham
A voluntary agency who aim to control, leprosy
Give three key facts about Lok Seva Sangam
Registered in 1976
Treated 28,000, cured 21,000
Started with a 100 bed hospital
Give two health-related work points for LSS
75% of people treated have been cured
Employed full time medical staff including 3 nurses
Give 2 education points about LSS
They work with women to teach them about sanitation, like washing hands before touching food.
Teachers persuade people that treatment is easy
