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Geography > Unit 1 - Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Hazardous Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

On average, how thick is the earths crust?

A

50km

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2
Q

How thick is the mantle?

A

2900km thick

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the mantel?

A

Lithosphere and asthenosphere

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4
Q

How thick is the outer core?

A

2266km

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5
Q

What is the temperature of the inner core?

A

5700 C

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6
Q

What is the lithosphere

A

The uppermost layer of the earth, the top part of the mantle and the crust

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7
Q

What is the asthenosphere

A

Part of the mantle, semi molten layer beneath the tectonic plates

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8
Q

Give 3 points about continental crust

A

Thick granite (10-15 miles)
Low density
Floats high on mantle

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9
Q

Give 3 points about oceanic crust

A

Very thin (1-3 miles)
High density
Basalt rock

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10
Q

What is the difference between oceanic and continental crust

A

Oceanic crust is below water, continental crust is below ground

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11
Q

Where is the heat from the earth from? (2)

A

50% from radioactive decay

50% from the Big Bang

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12
Q

Why do tectonic plates move?

A

Due to convection currents

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13
Q

Explain what convection currents are

A

When the rock is heated near the core, it rises, travels across and cools when get closer to the surface.

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14
Q

Why is the earths crust unstable? (2)

A

Plates are moving

Plates move in different directions

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15
Q

What is continental drift?

A

250 million years ago, the land masses were one big continent called Pangea. They slowly began to drift away into the continents we know today

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16
Q

Give 3 pieces of evidence for continental drift

A

The fossil of the Mesosaurus are found in Africa and South America yet it can’t swim long distances
Some continents interlock like a jigsaw
Plants and animal fossils are similar in India and Australia

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of plate movements?

A

Collision, convergent, divergent and conservative

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18
Q

What is a divergent movement?

A

Moving away form each other (both oceanic)

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19
Q

What is a collision movement?

A

Moving towards each other (both continental)

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20
Q

What is convergent movement.

A

Oceanic plate sub-ducts beneath a continental plate

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21
Q

What is conservative movement?

A

Sliding past each other (both continental)

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22
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

A place in the centre of a plate where magma rises

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23
Q

How does a hotspot cause the formation of a volcano?

A

The hotspot causes the lithosphere to melt so magma pushes through the crust

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24
Q

Where can volcanoes form?

A

Plate boundaries

Middle of plates e.g hotspots

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25
Q

What does the volcanic explosivity index show

A

It measures the destructive power from 1 (lowest) to 8 (highest)

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26
Q

What are volcanic bombs?

A

Large pieces of rock ejected from the volcano

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27
Q

What is a volcanic cloud?

A

Gas, steam and ash escaping from the volcano

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28
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

Hot gas and volcanic matter from the volcano

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29
Q

What forms the sides of a volcano that was formed from a hotspot

A

Layers of pyroclastic flow over time

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30
Q

What are the two types of volcano?

A

Composite and shield

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31
Q

What is a composite volcano (shape, lava, frequency, plate boundaries)

A

Pointes / coned
Viscous (sticky)
Very rare, value of 6
Convergent

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32
Q

What is a shield volcano? (shape, lava, frequency, plate boundaries)

A

Quite flat and broad
Runny and quickly spreads
Very frequent, value of 1 or 2
Divergent

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33
Q

Give an example of a composite and shield volcano

A

Pinatubo

Queen Mary’s Peak

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34
Q

How did the Montserrat eruption happen? (2)

A

North and South American plates sub ducted under Caribbean plate
The me,ted plate was less dense so magma rose

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35
Q

Where is Montserrat? (2)

A

Caribbean on a small island

North America

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36
Q

Give 3 primary effects of the Montserrat eruption

A

2000 people left straight away
9000 in total left
Killed 19 people

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37
Q

Give 3 secondary effects of the Montserrat eruption

A

The southern area was an exclusion zone
Airport was destroyed, no tourists
Dark tourism, people visit for respect

38
Q

Give 3 immediate responses on the Montserrat eruption

A

Made shelters in an old prison for homeless
Scientists set up warning systems
UK government sent £17 million

39
Q

Give 3 long term responses to the Montserrat eruption

A

UK sent £41 million in total
Mainly elderly population
South of island is still out of bounds

40
Q

How do earthquakes occur (4)

A

Conservative plate movement
Concentrated along fault lines (fractures in crust)
Friction builds up as they move against each other with a lot of pressure
When this is suddenly released, the energy is sent out as seismic waves

41
Q

What is the epicentre

A

The point on the earths surface above the focus

42
Q

What is the focus

A

The point inside the crust where the pressure is releases

43
Q

What does the Richter scale do

A

It measures how big the earthquake is (strength or magnitude) between 1 and 10

44
Q

What is a seismometer

A

It measures and records seismic waves

45
Q

How are tsunamis formed? (3)

A

Destructive or convergent plate movement causes an earthquake
Sea above earthquake is forced upwards
Sea movement causes tsunami

46
Q

Give 2 points about Haiti’s location

A

North America

In the Caribbean

47
Q

Give 3 key facts about the Haiti earthquake

A

300,000 people injured
250,000 homes destroyed
Magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale

48
Q

Why did so many people die in the Haiti earthquake (2)

A

Diseases (didn’t move the bodies)

Poor construction of buildings, not earthquake proof

49
Q

Give 3 primary effects of the Haiti earthquake

A

300,000 people injured
230,000 people died
250,000 buildings destroyed

50
Q

Give 3 secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake

A

Cholera outbreak due to poor sanitation
500,000 people still living rough
3000 temporary tent school set up

51
Q

Give an immediate response to the Haiti earthquake

A

Healthcare supplies to limit diseases

52
Q

Give 3 long term responses to the Haiti earthquake

A

Only received 2% of the gift aid they were meant to get
$330 million by the EU in gift aid
4.3 million people were supplied with food rations in the following weeks

53
Q

Give 3 key facts about the Japan earthquake

A

9 magnitude
Largest in Japan’s history
11th march

54
Q

Give 3 primary effects of the Japan earthquake

A

1700 people died or are missing
4 million people without power
215,000 people living in government shelters

55
Q

Give 3 secondary effect of the Japan earthquake

A

3 workers suffered from radiation exposure
Radiation leaks from damaged nuclear plants
15,000 people died

56
Q

Give 3 immediate responses to the Japan earthquake

A

Warning systems allowed people 20 minutes
Japanese Red Cross gave $1 billion in donations
340,000 people needed help for essential supplies

57
Q

Why weren’t there any long term responses to the Japan earthquake?

A

The immediate responses were so good

58
Q

Describe the climate of land (2)

A

Warmer as dark surfaces absorb sunlight but cools quicker as only the surface is heated
Low pressure as the heated air rises

59
Q

Describe the climate of the sea (2)

A

Takes longer to absorb heat (a lot is reflected) but also longer to cool down as 30m deep can be absorbed
High pressure as air remains cooler and denser

60
Q

Why do ocean currents occur?

A

Water further from the equator is cold and dense so it sinks
Water closer to the equator is warmer so it rises
This sets ups many convection currents around the earth

61
Q

What is solar insulation

A

The amount of suns energy

62
Q

Why is wind created?

A

Difference in air pressure causes the air to move

63
Q

Give 2 reasons for different temperatures in the world

A

Ocean currents warm or cool an area

Nearest the equator

64
Q

What does ITCZ stand for?

A

Inter-tropical convergence zone

65
Q

What are Hadley cells?

A

The largest cell in the ITCZ which is caused by heating and cooling and create the worlds high and low pressure system

66
Q

What is the global circulation model?

A

A theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a series of 3 cells each side of the equator

67
Q

What is the engine that drives the global circulation model?

A

Intense heating at the equator

68
Q

What are trade wins

A

Winds that go towards the Equator

69
Q

What are westerlies

A

Winds that go away from the equator

70
Q

What are the three cells that make up the global circulation

A

Hadley cells, polar cells, and Ferrel cells

71
Q

Why is there low pressure at the equator

A

Due to rising and expanding air

72
Q

What happens at Polar cells

A

Cold air sinks at Poles and starts to rise again

73
Q

What type of weather occurs at high-pressure

A

Clear skies and sunny

74
Q

What type of weather happens at low-pressure

A

Cloudy and rainy

75
Q

What are pressure belts

A

A belt of high or low pressure around the Earth

76
Q

Why is it windy and rainy near the Equator

A

There is low pressure causing air to rise and then fall as rain and there are Tradewinds

77
Q

What is the orbital theory for climate change

A

The ellipse shape of the Earth mean that the light is concentrated on certain areas of the earth

78
Q

What is the eruption for climate change

A

A super volcano erupted causing there to be a layer of sulphur in the air which cooled down the Earth and caused a year without summer

79
Q

What is the asteroid collision theory for climate change

A

And astroid will collide with the Earth causing a layer of dust and ash blocking sunlight

80
Q

What are sunspots

A

Areas of the Sun that are extremely hot causing more solar energy

81
Q

What is the definition of weather

A

The daily changes in temperature, sunshine and wind direction etc

82
Q

What is the definition of climate

A

The patterns in weather over a long period of time usually 30 years

83
Q

How are ice cores used to observe the past climate (2)

A

Each layer represents a year

Air bubbles of CO2

84
Q

How can tree rings be used toto observe past climate (2)

A

They will be thicker when it is warmer

Each way is a year

85
Q

How can historical sources be used to observe past climate (2)

A

Old photos, drawing and paintings of landscapes

Written records e.g diaries

86
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

When greenhouse gases trap heat from the Sun and keep the Earth insulated

87
Q

What is the main greenhouse gas?

A

CO2

88
Q

Where is CO2 produced (2)

A

Factories

Burning fossil fuels

89
Q

What is the ITCZ?

A

A zone of convergence at the equator where the trade winds meet, it is a low pressure pelt and migrates with the changing position of the thermal equator

90
Q

Why does the equator slightly change position

A

Due to the position of the earth around the sun

Geography (5 decks)

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