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BIOL1000 > Unit 3: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Unit 3: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

The first person to look at a plant through a microscope.

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2
Q

What does the cell theory state?

A

All living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells.

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3
Q

What is magnification?

A

The increases in an object’s image size compared to the actual size.

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4
Q

What is magnification?

A

The increases in an object’s image size compared to the actual size.

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5
Q

What is resolution?

A

The measure of the clarity of an image.

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6
Q

What is the minimum size requirement for a cell?

A

Needs to be able to hold dna, proteins and structures it needs to survive and reproduce.

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7
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Simple, small cells that evolved first.
Bacteria and archaea.

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8
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Larger, more complex forms cells thatevolved from prokaryotes.

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9
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The barrier that surrounds the cell from the outside.

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10
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

The cellular components that use instuctions from the nucleus to build proteins.

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11
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Aqueous solution that fills the cells.

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12
Q

What is DNA?

A

One or more chromosomes

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

The entire contents of the inside of the cells, excluding the interior of the nucleus.

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14
Q

What are the structures that all forms of life has?

A

Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, Ribosomes and cytoplasm

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15
Q

What can pass thorugh a cell membrane?

A

-Small polar molecules by simple diffusion.
-Polar compunds by channel proteins.
-Large molecules pumps.

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16
Q

What organelles do prokaryotes have?

A

Nucleoid, cell wall, capsule, flagella.

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17
Q

Do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles?

A

No, only the plasma membrane.

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18
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Hard shell around the plasma membrane that protects the cell and maintains its shape.

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19
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Sticky outer coat around the cell wall that glues the cells to other surfaces and cells.

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20
Q

What is the flagella?

A

Long projections that propels a cell through its environment.

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21
Q

What is cellular metabolism?

A

The chemical activities of the cell.

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22
Q

What are organelles that are only found in animal cells?

A

Lysosomes and centrosomes.
Flagella and cilia

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23
Q

What are organelles that are only found in plant cells?

A

Rigid cell wall, plasmodesma, chloroplasts and large central vacuole.

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24
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A

-Control the cell’s genetic instructions and activities by directing protein synthesis.

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25
Q

What is dna organised into?

A

Chromosomes.

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26
Q

What are chromatin?

A

The complex of proteins and DNA that appears as a diffuse mass in the nucleus.

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27
Q

What is Nucleolus?

A

The location where ribosomal RNA is synthesized.

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28
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes that are suspended in the cytosol and make proteins that funtions there.

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29
Q

What are bound ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes that are attached to the E.R and nucleus and make proteins that are exported from the cell.

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30
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of flattened sacs and tubules that are the major functioning site in the cell.

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31
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

A

-Lipid synthesis
-Calcium ion storage.
-Detoxification.

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32
Q

What is the function of golgi apparatus?

A

To act as a warehouse and processing station for molecules produced by the ER.

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33
Q

What is the function of lysozomes?

A

-Aid in digestion of food.
-Destroy pathogens.
-Recycling of cell components.

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34
Q

What are lysosomal diseases? and example?

A

Diseases where lysosomal enzymes are missing.

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35
Q

What are perixosomes?

A

Metabolic, membrane bound compartment that dont originate in endomembrane system, with unknow origin.

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36
Q

What are the functions of perixosome?

A

-To break down fatty acids to use as a cellular fuel.
-Detoxification of harmful compounds in your liver.

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37
Q

What is Mitochondria’s function?

A

To carry out cellular respiration in all eukaryotic cells.

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38
Q

What are the folds in mitochondria called, their function?

A

Cristae, increase the membrane surface area to maximize atp production.

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39
Q

Where is mitochondria found?

A

Animal and plant cells

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40
Q

Where are chloroplast found?

A

Plant cells only

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41
Q

What is the thick fluid in the chloroplast membrane called?

A

Stroma

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42
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Interconnected sacs that are suspended in the stroma of the chloroplasts.

43
Q

Where is chlorophyll in chloroplasts?

A

Embedded in the thylakoid membranes to trap solar energy.

44
Q

What does the endosymbiont theory state?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once small prokaryotes that began living inside larger cells.

45
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of protein fibers that extend throughout the cells.

46
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

allows for the swimming and crawling motility of cells.
allows for the internal movement of cellular structures inside the cell.

47
Q

What are the three kinds of fibres?

A

-Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.

48
Q

Function of microtubules

A

-Supports and shapes the cell.
-Tracks along which organelles can move with the help of motor proteins.
-Guide movement of chromosomes during cell division.
-Main component of flagella and cilia.

49
Q

Function of intermediate filaments

A

Reinforce cell shape and anchor some organelles that should not move.

50
Q

Function of microfilaments?

A

-Help supports the cell shape.
-Involved in cell movement.

51
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

-Propel single celled organisms
-Line the trachea to sweep mucus.
-Antenna for signal reception
-Move together in sweeping motion

52
Q

Flagella

A

-Propel a ell using an undulating whip-like motion.

53
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

Plasma membranes of adjacent cells that are knit tightly together, prevent fluid leakage between cell layers.

54
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

A

Intermediate filaments that fasten cells together into strong sheets, susceptible to stretching and mechanical stress.

55
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Channels or pores that allows the flow of small molecules from one cell to another.

56
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

Diverse protein molecules suspended in a fluid phospholipd bilayer.

57
Q

What is selective permeability?

A

Some substances can cross the plasma membrane more easily than others.

58
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The tendency for particles of any substance to spread out into the available space.

59
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment.

60
Q

What substances can easily diffuse through a cell membrane using passive diffusion?

A

-Small non polar molecules.

61
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane.

62
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

63
Q

What is hypotonic solution?

A

When the solute concentration outside is lower than in the cell, causing it to swell.

64
Q

What is turgor pressure?

A

When the cell swells as water enters but the plant cell wall exerts a back pressure to stop the cell from absorbing too much water.

65
Q

What gives support to non-woody plants so they don’t wilt.

A

Turgid or rigid cells

66
Q

What is isotonic solution?

A

When the solute levels are equal inside and outside the cell.

67
Q

What is hypertonic solution?

A

When there’s higher concentration of solute outisde the cell than inside.

68
Q

What happens to plant cells in hypertonic solution?

A

Plasmolysis occurs, cell shrivels up but the rigid cell wall can’t change its shape.

69
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

The plasma membrane pulls away from the cells wall, causing the plant to wilt and the cell to die.

70
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of water balance.

71
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion through the membrane with the help of transport proteins.

72
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

Simple channel for a molecule to pass through.

73
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

Solute binds the protein, causing it to change shape.

74
Q

What is aquaporin?

A

Allows the passage of water.

75
Q

What is active transport?

A

A cell expends energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient.

76
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of large molecules being excreted from the cell.

77
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

The process by which large molecules and fluids are taken up by the cell.

78
Q

What is pseudopodia?

A

Extensions of the membrane that engulfs a particle.

79
Q

What is energy?

A

The capicity to cause change, especially to do work.

80
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

The energy of motion.

81
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Kinetic energy associated with the random motions of atoms or molecules.

82
Q

What is light energy?

A

Kinetic energy harnessed for photosynthesis.

83
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Energy that matter possesses based on its location or structure.

84
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

85
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The addition of water,.

86
Q

What is exergonic reaction?

A

Reaction that releases energy.

87
Q

What is endergonic reaction?

A

Reactions that require an input of energy.

88
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The phosphate group broken off of ATP is transferred to another molecule.

89
Q

What is chemical work?

A

The phosphorylation of reactants provides the energy for endergonic reactions to form the products.

90
Q

What is transport work?

A

ATP drives the active transport of solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradients.

91
Q

What is mechanical work?

A

Phosphorylation by ATP allows a protein to move.

92
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant that an enzyme acts on.

93
Q

What is an active site?

A

The region of the enzyme that a substrate fits into.

94
Q

What is a catalytic cycle?

A

A reaction that proceeds with the help of an enzyme.

95
Q

What is an induced fit?

A

Active site may changes shape to hold the substrate more tightly.

96
Q

What is denaturation?

A

The protein unfolds so that the shape is changed.

97
Q

What are cofactors?

A

Non-protein molecules that aid enzymes.

98
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Cofactor that is organic.

99
Q

What is an inhibitor?

A

A chemical that interferes with an enzyme’s activity.

100
Q

What is Competitive inhibitors?

A

Chemical compounds that resembles an enzyme’s normal substrate.

101
Q

What are non-competivive inhibitor?

A

Inhibitor that binds to a spot on the enzyme outside of an active site.

102
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

If a cell is producing more product than it needs, the product itself may become an inhibitor.

103
Q

Examples of inhibitor used as drugs

A

Ibupofen, antibiotics, protease inhibitors, cancer drugs, pesticides and poisons.

BIOL1000 (5 decks)

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