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BIOL1000 > Unit 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

Energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules.

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2
Q

What is Heat?

A

Thermal energy transferring from a warmer body of matter to a cooler body of matter.

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3
Q

What is temperature?

A

The measure of the intensity of heat.

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4
Q

Evaporation

A

The change of a substance from liquid state to gas state.

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5
Q

Evaporation cooling

(ex. Sweating- body gets rid of hottest molecules to let the body to cool down )

A

When evaporation occurs, the liquid that remains is, on average, cooler than it was before.

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6
Q

What is a Solution?

A

A liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances.

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7
Q

What is a Solvent?

A

The dissolving agent

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8
Q

What is a solute?

A

A substance that is dissolved

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9
Q

What is an Aqueous solutions?

A

A solution in which water is the solvent

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10
Q

Ph scale describes and stands for

A

How acidic or basic a solution is
Potention of hydrogen

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11
Q

Acid

A

Substance that donates the H+ to a solution

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12
Q

Base

A

Substance that reduces the amount of H+ in a solution

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13
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that minimizes change in pH.

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14
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbon based molecules

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15
Q

Which element is the basis of almost all molecules that are important for life?

A

Carbon

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16
Q

Double bond

A

2 covalent bonds at the same place.

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17
Q

What are the factors of a carbon skeleton?

A

-Length, double bonds, branching and rings can vary.

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18
Q

What is a Carbon Skeleton?

A

-The chain of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of an organic molecule.

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19
Q

What is an Isomer?

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures.

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20
Q

Why are isomers important in pharmacology?

A

The structure of an isomer determines its function.

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21
Q

What is a Hydrocarbon and are many components of ?

A

-Molecules that has only carbon and hydrogen.
-Many components of Petroleum.

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22
Q

Chemical group

A

Atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

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23
Q

Where is a carbonyl found and how is it identified?

A

It’s found in simple sugars.
Has a carbon double bonded to oxygen.

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24
Q

What is a Hydroxyl and how is it identified.

A

Alcohol.
Has a single bonded hydroxide.

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25
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

-Affects the expression of genes.
-Identified by a carbon and 3 Hydrogens.

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26
Q

What is a phosphate group and how is it identified?

A

-Often ionized because O atoms are negative and can be ignored in energy transfers.
-Have 2 a phosphate and 4 oxygens.

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27
Q

What is an amino group and how is it identified?

A

-Group that picks up an H+ from solution to become ionized and called amines.
-Has aan NH2 attached.

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28
Q

What is a carboxyl and how is it identified?

A

Chemical group that donates an H+ to a solution making it acidic and it has a Carbon, 2 oxygens and a hydrogen.

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29
Q

What is Matter?

A

Anything that has mass or takes up space

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30
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by normal chemical ways.

31
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance that is made of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

32
Q

What are the big six elements making up 99% of the body’s matter?

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Calcium and phosphorus.

33
Q

What 4 elements are the major building blocks of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates?

A

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Hydrogen

34
Q

What element is msot important for DNA?

Hint: What is the backbone of DNA’s double helix structure?

A

Phosphorous

35
Q

What are the major elements of your bones and teeth?

A

Phosphorous and Calcium

36
Q

What elements are used for nerve signalling and chemical reactions?

A

Potassium, Sulphur, Sodium, Chlorine and Magnesium

37
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Elements that are needed in tiny amounts or can be harmful.

38
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest unit of matter that still has the properties of an element.

39
Q

Can an atom be split further?, if yes, what are they?

A

Yes, and proton, electron and neutron

40
Q

What is the Atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom

41
Q

What is the Mass number of an element?

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

42
Q

What is the atomic mass?, it’s measured in?

A

The weight of an atom and is measured in Dalton( Da)

43
Q

How much does a proton, electron and neutron weigh?

A

Proton and neutron weigh 1 Da, while an electron weighs 1/2000th of a proton.

44
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms with the same number of protons and chemically act the same but have different numbers of neutrons.

45
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

Unstable nucleus and decays spontaneously, releasing particles and energy( radiation ).

46
Q

What is the valence shell?

A

The outer shell of an atom

47
Q

What is the valence electron?

A

Electrons found on the valence shell.

48
Q

How many many electrons are held on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd shell?

A

2 on the 1st, 8 on the 2nd and 3rd.

49
Q

Inert atoms

A

Atoms that have complete outer shells.

50
Q

What is a Chemical bond?

A

Attraction and interaction between to atoms with incomplete outer shells.

51
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Transfer of electron between two atoms with incomplete outer shells.

52
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms with incomplete outer shells.

53
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms bound together by covalent bonds.

54
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

An atom’s ,easure of attraction for shared electrons.

55
Q

What are non-polar covalent bonds?

A

Occur when electrons are shared equally between two atoms with the same electronegativity.

56
Q

What are polar covalent bonds?

A

When two atoms have different electronegativity, so the electrons are closer to the more electonegative element.

57
Q

What is an Ion?

A

An atom with an electrical charge due to the gain or loss of electrons,

58
Q

What is a salt?

A

Any ionic compound

59
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak bond between and within polar molecules.

60
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

Breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones.

61
Q

What is a reactant?

A

Starting material of a chemical reaction

62
Q

What is a product?

A

The materials that result from the chemical reaction.

63
Q

What is a balanced chemical equation?

A

When the same number of atoms are on both sides of the equation.

64
Q

How are radioactive isotopes used in medicine?

A

Chemical tags, Treatments and Imaging of areas in the body with high metabolism levels.

65
Q

3 properties of Water

A

-It is cohesive
-It moderates temperature
-Solid water is less dense than liquid water
-Water is the solvent of life.

66
Q

What is cohesion?

A

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together due to hydrogen bonds.

67
Q

Adhesion

A

The clinging of one substance to another.

68
Q

What is surface tension?

A

The measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

69
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Chemical groups that affect a molecule’s function by participating in chemical reactions.

70
Q

Is a molecule hydrophilic or hydrophobic if it has a polar group?

A

Hydrophilic

71
Q

Which is the only non polar functional chemical group?

A

Methyl group

72
Q

What is gene expression? and it’s steps

A

The production of proteins using the instructions found in DNA.
Transcription and Translation

73
Q

What is Transcription?

A

A gene in DNA directs the synthesis of an RNA molecule.

74
Q

What is Translation?

A

The building of a protein from the instructions found in RNA.

BIOL1000 (5 decks)

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