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Microbiology > Unit 3: Bacterial Diseases > Flashcards

Unit 3: Bacterial Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endotoxin

A
  • part of the outer portion of the cell wall in gram negative bacteria

-liberated when the bacteria dies and cell wall breaks apart

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2
Q

Exotoxin

A

-mostly in gram positive bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism

  • released into surrounding medium
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of exotoxins?

A

1) superantigens
2) toxins
3) AB toxins

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4
Q

Type 1: Superantigens

A

1) non-specifically stimulate many families of CD4+ T cells
2) lead to massive cytokine release

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5
Q

Examples of superantigens

A

-Toxic shock syndrome toxin
-streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin
- streptococcal pyrogenic toxin

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6
Q

Type 2: toxins

A

destroy host cells by distributing membranes

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7
Q

Examples of toxins

A
  • streptolysion pneumolysin
    -alpha toxin
    -beta toxin
  • phospholipase C
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8
Q

Effects of endotoxin on host

A

-luekocytes release cytokines leading to fever
-some cytokines damage blood vessel walls causing a drop in BD- which leads to shock
- activate innate system comprised of complement proteins that cause inflammation- which could drop BP leading to shock

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9
Q

Causative agent of necrotizing fasciitis

A

Streptococcus Pyogenes
enters thru breaks in skin

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10
Q

Alpha hemolysis

A

-Incomplete
-oxidizes iron in hemoglobin producing a “greenish” discoloration on blood plates

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11
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

Complete destruction of red blood cells ; resulting in clearing around growth

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12
Q

Gamma Hemolysis

A

No hemolysis ; results in no change in media

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13
Q

What type of hemolysis does streptococcus pyogenes cause?

A

Beta hemolysis

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14
Q

What exotoxin destroys neutrophils?

A

Streptolysin

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15
Q

Bullae

A

Large fluid filled sac

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16
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Subcutaneous bleeding

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17
Q

Crepitus

A

Crackling sound under skin

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18
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of soft tissue
Ex: skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles

19
Q

Do clostridium tetani & clostridium botulinum require aerobic or anaerobic environment?

A

Anaerobic-no oxygen

20
Q

What structure do c.tetani & c.botulinum capable of forming when not in the right environment?

A

Endospores
C. Tetani =spore terminal
C. Botulinum = spore subterminal

21
Q

What type of exotoxins are botulinum toxin & tetanospasmin?

A

Neurotoxin

22
Q

What is the mechanism of botulinum toxin

A

Blocks release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction & form preganglionic sympathetic and pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic neurons

23
Q

What type of paralysis does botulinum toxin cause?

A

Flaccid paralysis = muscles cannot contract

24
Q

Nystagmus

A

Rapid, involuntary movement of eyes

associated w/ botulism

25
Q

What is Botox?

A

Botulinum toxin = ability to inhibit contraction of skeletal muscle

26
Q

Cosmetic uses for BOTOX

A

-frown lines
-crows feet
- under eye lines
-forehead lines

27
Q

Strabismus

A

Eyes are not aligned crossed

28
Q

Blepharospasm

A

Sometimes chronic condition in which the eyelids uncontrollably twitch

29
Q

Where are endospores of C. Botulinum found?

A

Soil, ponds and lake sediments

30
Q

By what vehicle do the C. botulinum toxins get into humans?

A

Home-canned products that have been insufficiently heated

31
Q

Heat-labile w/ respect to botulinum toxin

A

Destroyed by heat
food must be ingested uncooked or be inadequately cooked for someone to get botulinum toxin

32
Q

What is the anti-toxin for botulism and how does it work?

A
33
Q

Best way to prevent botulism?

A

Properly can food and eat cooked food

34
Q

Mechanism of action for tetanospasim

A

Blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine & y-aminobutyric acid -these stop the action of acetylcholine) at the neuromuscular junction

35
Q

What type of paralysis does tetanospasmincause?

A

Spastic paralysis = muscles cannot relax

36
Q

Trismus

A

Masseter muscles - inability to open jaw (lock jaw)
associated w/ tetanus

37
Q

Opisthotonos

A

Back muscles paralysis
associated w/ tetanus

38
Q

Where are spores of clostridium tetani found?

A
  • soil (manure-treated especially)
  • intestinal tract of humans and other animals
39
Q

How do the spores of clostridium tetani get into humans?

A

Puncture wounds

40
Q

Best way to prevent tetanus

A

Not going outside barefoot & vaccines

41
Q

What is human tetanus immune globulin and how does it work?

A
42
Q

What is tetanus toxoid?

A

Inactivated toxin that retains antigenicity (what we get injected w/ as a vaccine)

43
Q

What combined vaccine is the tetanus toxoid apart of?

A

DTaP (it is the T part)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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