Unit 2 : The Innate Immune System

Question 1

Granulocytes

Answer 1

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 2

Agranulocytes

Answer 2

1. Monocytes 3-8% 7.5 um
2. Lymphocytes 20-25% 7.5um

Question 3

Neutrophils

Answer 3

Engulf microorganisms, abnormal cells, and foreign particles by phagocytosis

Question 4

Eosinophil

Answer 4

Secrete enzymes that kill parasites; contribute to tissue damage in allergic reactions

Question 5

Basophils / Mast Cell

Answer 5

Secrete chemical mediators of inflammation and allergic reactions

Question 6

Monocyte / Macrophage

Answer 6

Secretes cytokines; engulf microorganisms by phagocytosis

Question 7

Lymphocytes

Answer 7

• Plasma cells (mature form of B cells) secrete antibodies
• helper T cells secrete cytokines that activate multiple cell types: cytotoxic
• T cells secrete factors that lead to death of tumor cells
• null cells called KILLER CELLS secrete factors that lead to the death of infected cells and tumor cells

Question 8

B Cells

Answer 8

Associated w/ antibodies

Question 9

T Cells

Answer 9

2 types
1) helper t cell = produce chemicals that help all other immune cells

2) cytotoxic T cell= directly damages foreign cells

Question 10

Central Lymphoid Tissue

Answer 10

Bone marrow & thymus

Question 11

Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue

Answer 11

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and peyers patches

Functions:
- trap microorganisms & foreign particles
- expose them to leukocytes in high concentrations

Question 12

Type of lymphocyte matures in the Thymus

Answer 12

T- Lymphocytes
(migrate from bone marrow to thymus and develop maturity )

Question 13

Skin

Answer 13

1) barrier
2) secretions

• anti microbial peptides (aka defensins)

-lysozyme (destroy cell walls)

Question 14

Muco- ciliary Escalator

Answer 14

-covers most of bronchi, bronchioles & nose
- cilia continually beating, pushing mucus up and out into throat

Question 15

Lacrimal Apparatus

Answer 15

Group of structures that produce & drain tears

Question 16

Steps of Phagocytosis

Answer 16

1) chemotaxis
2) adherence
3) ingestion
4) killing
5) elimination

Question 17

Chemotaxis

Answer 17

• phagocyte moves toward pathogen

Question 18

Adherence

Answer 18

Phagocyte sticks to the pathogen

Question 19

Ingestion

Answer 19

Phagocytes internalizes the pathogen
- pathogen is brought into a vacuole called a phagosome

Question 20

Killing

Answer 20

• Phagocyte kills pathogen
  -phagosome fuses w/ lysosome to form a phagolysosome
• enzyme destroy the pathogen

Question 21

Elimination

Answer 21

• phagocyte gets rid of pathogen remnants

*phagolysome containing destroyed microorganisms deposits the contents to the outside of cell via exocytosis *

Question 22

Types of cells that can carry out phagocytosis

Answer 22

1) neutrophils
2) macrophages
3) dendritic cells
eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis but not their primary activity

Question 23

Main job of eosinophils?

Answer 23

Defend us from worms

Question 24

Natural killer cells

Answer 24

Eosinophils

Question 25

What do interferons do?

Answer 25

Induce virus resistance in neighboring cells

Question 26

What cells make infernos alpha, beta and gamma

Answer 26

Viral nucleic acid

Question 27

What is complement?

Answer 27

Group of serum proteins that activate one another to destroy invading microorganisms

Question 28

What 3 ways is complement activated?

Answer 28

Classical, alternative, and lectin

Question 29

Complement C3 activation can lead to what?

Answer 29

-cell lysis
-inflammation
-opsonization

Question 30

What does lysozyme do?

Answer 30

Breaks bonds between NAG and NAM subunits of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

(Destroy cell wall)

Question 31

Where can a lysozyme be found?

Answer 31

In secretions

Question 32

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 32

1) redness
2) heat
3) edema
4) pain