Unit 3 - 8: Learning And Memory

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Process of acquiring new info

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

Store and retrieve that info

Question 3

Short term memory

Answer 3

Stores info as long as we repeat and focus on it

Question 4

Long term memory

Answer 4

Stored for hours, days, years, relies on physical changes in brain

Question 5

Long term memory includes:

Answer 5

1. Declarative memory
2. Nondeclarative memory (procedural)

Question 6

Declarative memory

Answer 6

Things you know and can tell others

Question 7

Non declarative memory

Answer 7

Things you know that you can show by doing

Question 8

Amnesia

Answer 8

Severe impairment of memory, usually due to brain damage/ disease

Question 9

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 9

Loss of old memories but new ones can be formed

Question 10

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 10

Old memories are intact but new ones can’t be formed

Question 11

Episodic memory

Answer 11

Recalling specific episode in the past; knowing info on its time, place, and sequence of events

Question 12

Semantic memory

Answer 12

Recalling general info (meaning of words/ rules of a game)

Question 13

Location of declarative memory formation

Answer 13

Medial temporal lobe

Question 14

Model of declarative memory formation (6)

Answer 14

1. Sensory processing cortex
2. Parahippocampal entorhinal, Perihinal cortex
3. Hippocampus
4. Medial diencephalon, mammillary bodies
5. Declarative memory storage in cortex

Question 15

Types of non declarative memory (3)

Answer 15

1. Skill learning (basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex)
2. Priming (cortical process)
3. Associative learning

Question 16

Operant conditioning

Answer 16

Animals form associations between a behavior and consequence

Question 17

Cognitive maps

Answer 17

understanding of the relative spatial organization of objects and information (hippocampus and place cells)

Question 18

Sensory buffers

Answer 18

Shorter than short terms memory, fleeting glimpse of something and it fades away

Question 19

Working memory

Answer 19

ability to manipulate by executive processing our short term memories and make associations with long-term memories; important for problem solving

Question 20

Processes/ Stages of memory formation (3)

Answer 20

1. Encoding (turn sensory info into short term memory)
2. Consolidation (turning short memory into term)
3. Retrieval (accessing info stored in long term memory for use in working memory

Question 21

Epinephrine and memory

Answer 21

Affect amygdala, enhances memory formation

Question 22

Long term memory receptor and neuronal changes (requires neuroplasticity)

Answer 22

1. Increased synapse area
2. Increased transmitter release or response
3. New interneuron connection becomes active
4. New connections formed through axonal sprouting
5. More active synapses take over less active competitors
6. Heavier, thicker cortex
7. Enhanced cholinergic activity
8. More dendritic branches and spines
9. Larger cortical synapses
10. More hippocampal neurons
11. Enhanced recovery from brain damage

Question 23

Long term potentiation

Answer 23

After high frequency stimulus, the strength of EPSPs increases and stays higher

Question 24

Long term Potention receptors

Answer 24

Glutamate receptors, AMPA, NMDA