Unit 3 - 4: Mood disorders

Question 1

Clinical Depression symptoms

Answer 1

Lots of sadness and unmotivated

Question 2

Brain Changes in Depression (5):

Answer 2

1. Increased activity in amygdala (emotional tasks)
2. Increased activity in frontal cortex (cognitive tasks)
3. Decreased activity in areas for attention
4. Difficulty regulating stress hormone (corticosteroids)
5. Hippocampus volume reduced (cause or effect)

Question 3

Sleep changes in depression (3)

Answer 3

1. Insomnia
2. Reduced stage 3 sleep
3. REM sleep entered much sooner

Question 4

Depression Treatments (8)

Answer 4

1. Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
2. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
3. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
4. Tricyclics
5. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
6. SNRIs
7. Ketamine
8. CBT

Question 5

Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

Answer 5

Intentional seizures

Question 6

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Answer 6

Delivers repeated pulsed magnetic fields to induce neural APs in prefrontal cortex

Question 7

MAOIs

Answer 7

Prevent inactivation of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin in synaptic cleft

Question 8

Tricyclics

Answer 8

Inhibit reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine to increase activity in cleft

Question 9

SSRI

Answer 9

Prevent reuptake of serotonin

Question 10

SNRIs

Answer 10

Prevent reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 11

Ketamine

Answer 11

Glutamate receptor antagonist

Question 12

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Answer 12

Improves negative thinking

Question 13

Depression more common in

Answer 13

Woman

Question 14

Suicidal intervention works because

Answer 14

Most people don’t try again after being stopped the first time; they reconsider their death

Question 15

Animal models for depression

Answer 15

Not easy to replicate, removing olfactory bulb in rodents can create some symptoms

Question 16

Bipolar disorder

Answer 16

Periods of depression and manic highs, self aggrandizement

Question 17

Bipolar disorder treatments (2)

Answer 17

1. Second gen antipsychotics
2. Lithium

Question 18

Anxiety disorders

Answer 18

Overwhelming and irrational fear or apprehension, terror, loss of control, dizzy, trembling, trouble breathing, fast heart

Question 19

Generalized anxiety

Answer 19

Persistent anxiety

Question 20

Phobias

Answer 20

Intense fear

Question 21

Panic disorder

Answer 21

Random attacks of intense fear

Question 22

Brain changes in anxiety

Answer 22

1. Abnormalities in left temporal lobe (amygdala)
2. Over active amygdala
3. Abnormal medial prefrontal cortex
4. Abnormal cingulate cortex
5. abnormal nucleus accumbens
6. Abnormal insular cortex
7. Abnormal periaquaductal gray
8. Small hippocampus

Question 23

Anxiety treatments (2)

Answer 23

1. Mostly target GABAa receptor (benzodiazepines)
2. Also target serotonin (buspirone)

Question 24

PTSD

Answer 24

Occurs after traumatic experience involving violence or fear for one’s life or a loved one, memories of terrible events that reflect what happened, can be triggered by harmless stimuli, always vigilant when not needed

Question 25

Genetics and physiology of PTSD (4)

Answer 25

1. Memory changes (like amnesia)
2. Right hippocampus is smaller
3. Low levels of adult neurogenesis in hippocampus
4. Long term reduction of cortisol

Question 26

Model for PTSD

Answer 26

1. Original trauma activated two systems
2. Brainstem sensitizes the person to related stimuli in the future
3. Amygdala conditions long lasting fearful reaction

Question 27

OCD

Answer 27

Repetitive rituals and persistent thoughts that patients feel powerless to control or stop

Question 28

OCD treatment (3)

Answer 28

1. CBT
2. SSRIs
3. Disrupting cingulate cortex connections

Question 29

PTSD treatments (2)

Answer 29

1. Antidepressants
2. CBT