Unit 3 - 7: Neurodevelopment Disorders Flashcards
NDD
Mental impairments that result from problems during development of brain or nervous system
ADHD prevalence
8.5%
Autism spectrum prevalence
2.9%
Intellectual disability prevalence
1.4%
Learning Disability prevalence
6.4%
Common comorbidities of NDDs (5)
- ASD and ADHD (20-30%)
- ASD and learning/ language disabilities
- Depression and anxiety
- Epilepsy
- Asthma
ADHD
Inattentive, hyperactive, impulsive, emotional dysregulation
Types of ADHD (3)
- Predominantly inattentive
- Predominantly hyperactive/ impulsive
- Combined presentation
ADHD diagnosis (6)
- 6 or more symptoms from either or both lists
- More than 6 months
- Present early on
- Symptoms present in 2 settings
- Reduce quality of life
- Symptoms not explained by something else like a mental illness/ mood disorder
ADHD causes (2)
Blend of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental causes
1. Genetic (74% of cases) - runs in family
2. Environmental - exposure to harmful things
Neuropathophysiology of ADHD (3)
- Defects in dopamine and norepinephrine projection
- Changes in functional connectivity among brain regions
- Changes volume of certain brain area
Defects in dopamine and norepinephrine projection
Production is down regulated (to prefrontal cortex and striatum)
Changes in functional connectivity among brain regions (3)
- Prefrontal striatal cerebellar
- Prefrontal striatal thalamic
- Default mode network
Changes volume of certain brain area
- Decrease in left prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex
- Decrease in subcritical areas (amygdala and hippocampus)
- Decrease in inter hemisphere white matter
- Increased connections between subcortical and cortical areas
ADHD Treatment (5)
- Behavioral intervention
- Therapy
- Stimulant medication methylphenidate (Ritalin) blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine
- Stimulant medication amphetamine salts (Adderall) push more of these transmitters into the synaptic cleft
- Non-stimulants atomoxetine (Strattera), and guanfacine (Tenex) modulate the norepinephrine system/receptors