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Chemistry > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a metal composed of

A

Positive ions and delocalised electrons

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2
Q

Are metals conductors of heat

A

Yes

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3
Q

Are metals conductors of electricity

A

Yes

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4
Q

What melting and boiling points do they have and why

A

High as they are held together by strong forces of attraction between ions and atoms

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5
Q

What is the structure of a metal

A

A metallic lattice structure that is made up of positive ions and delocalised electrons

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6
Q

What happens when a metal reacts with oxygen

A

A metal hydroxide is produced

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7
Q

What happens when a metal reacts with water

A

A metal hydroxide and salt is formed

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8
Q

What happens when a metal reacts with an acid

A

A metal salt is formed as well as hydrogen

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9
Q

What is the electrochemical series

A

A list of metals based on their reactivity

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10
Q

What is a reduction reaction

A

When an atom loses outer electrons to become an ion

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11
Q

What is an oxidation reaction

A

When an ion gains electrons to become an atom

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12
Q

What are the two types of natural metals

A

Combined

Uncombined

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13
Q

What is an uncombined metal

A

One which exists naturally, as a singular element (such as gold). Less reactive metals are always uncombined

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14
Q

What is a combined metal

A

A metal which naturally exists as part of a compound, along with other metals. These tend to be more reactive elements.

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15
Q

What Is an ore

A

A naturally occurring combined metal compound, from which singular metals can be extracted.

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16
Q

What is the percentage composition of an ore

A

The percentage of each metal within the ore

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17
Q

What is the equation for percentage composition

A

% mass=(mass of element/gfm of ore) x100

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18
Q

How can metals be extracted from their ores

A
  • electrolysis
  • heating with carbon
  • heating
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19
Q

How do you extract very reactive metals and what is produced

A

Electrolysis

Producing oxygen

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20
Q

How do you extract relatively reactive metals and what is produced

A

Heating with carbon

Carbon dioxide is produced

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21
Q

How do you extract the least reactive metals and what is produced

A

Heating

Producing carbon dioxide

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22
Q

What can you call a reaction including both oxidation and reduction

A

REDOX (or displacement)

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23
Q

When two metals are connected in series in a cell, what is the direction of electron flow

A

Most reactive metal to least reactive

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24
Q

What is a metals reactivity

A

A measure of how readily metals lose its outer electrons

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25
Q

What is a plastic

A

A synthetic material which can change its shape when a force is applied to its and stays like this even when the force is removed.

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26
Q

What qualities do plastics have

A

+ lightweight
+ waterproof
+ tough
+ electrical insulators

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27
Q

What is a polymer

A

A family of plastics which are composed of smaller molecules known as monomers.

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28
Q

What is the process in which monomers are reacted together to form a polymer.

A

Polymerisation

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29
Q

What is a resin

A

A group of polymer chains

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30
Q

What is the main type of polymerisation

A

Addition

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31
Q

What happens during addition polymerisation

A

An unsaturated (alkene) monomer is added with other alkenes, opening their double bond and creating a saturated alkane, which is the new polymer.

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32
Q

How do you name a polymer which has undergone addition polymerisation

A

You put POLY(name of monomer which it was originally made of)

E.g. poly(ethene)

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33
Q

How do you find the monomer of which a polymer is made

A

Find the group of molecules that is being repeated
H Ch H Ch H Ch
I I I I I I
-C - C - C - C - The repeating unit is -C - C -
I I I I I I
H H H H H H

Then join the backbone molecules (carbon in this case) to form the unsaturated monomer
H    Ch
 I       I
C = C
 I       I
H     H
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34
Q

What do you call a polymer that is mad of more than one monomer

A

A co-polymer

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35
Q

What are the two types of plastics

A

+ thermosetting

+ thermosoftening

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36
Q

What is a thermosetting plastic

A

One which does not melt upon heating and cannot be changed from its original shape

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37
Q

What is a thermosoftening plastic

A

One which melts upon heating and can then be re-shaped

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38
Q

What are the properties of monomers

A

+ gas or liquid
+ cheap
+ reactive

39
Q

What are the properties of polymers

A

+ solid
+ expensive
+ unreactive

40
Q

What is the order of chemical reactions required to obtain polymers

A

Crude oil —fractional distillation—> alkanes—‘cat cracking’—> alkenes—addition polymerisation—> polymers

41
Q

What is radiation

A

When an unstable atom expels protons neutrons or electrons to gain a stable arrangement.

42
Q

How is atom stability measured

A

Proton:neutron ratio

43
Q

What are the three main types of radiation

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
44
Q

What is alpha radiation and what are it’s mass and charge

A

Alpha radian is the emission of a helium nucleus, containing two protons and 2 neutrons.

Charge= 2+
Mass= 4
45
Q

What is beta radiation and what are it’s charge and mass

A

Beta radiation are fast moving electrons

Charge = 1-
Mass = 0
46
Q

What is gamma radiation

A

High frequency electromagnetic waves

Charge and mass = negligeable

47
Q

What is alpha radiation absorbed by

A

A sheet of paper

48
Q

What is beta radiation absorbed by

A

0.5 cm of lead

49
Q

What is gamma radiation absorbed by

A

Thick concrete

50
Q

What is the rule for nuclear equations

A

The combined mass and atomic number on both sides of the equation must be equal

51
Q

What is the half life of a radioactive substance

A

The time taken for its activity to halve

52
Q

Is half life affected by any chemical or physical conditions

A

NO

53
Q

How do you determine the half life of a substance by using a graph

A

+ Find a point on the y axis
+ read the value on the x axis

  • half the y value DIFFERENCE IN X VALUES = HALF LIFE
  • read the x value
54
Q

What are some uses of radioisotopes in medicine and industry

A

+ killing cancer cells
+ treat gland swelling
+ DATING

55
Q

What is dating

A

A process by which organisms can be dated to their age or how long they have been dead. To do this, the beta emission of the organism is measured as all organisms contain the chemical carbon-14.

56
Q

What are fertilisers

A

Chemical or natural substances which are added to soil to increase their fertility by providing it with nutrients and essential elements

57
Q

What are the three elements that a fertiliser requires at least one of to increase plant growth.

A

+ nitrogen
+ potassium
+ phosphorus

58
Q

What is the function of nitrogen

A

It increases protein production in the plant, allowing it to function efficiently.

59
Q

What is the function of potassium

A

It has a role in root formation

60
Q

What is the function of phosphorus

A

It has a role in photosynthesis respiration and energy transfer

61
Q

What is the main producer of fertilisers

A

Ammonia

62
Q

What are the properties of ammonia

A
  • clear
  • pungent
  • colourless gas
63
Q

What is the name of the process by which ammonia is produced

A

The Haber process

64
Q

What is the first stage of the haber process

A

nitrogen reacts with hydrogen in the presence of an iron catalyst, creating ammonia gas

Temperature = 400 degrees Celsius 
Pressure = 200 atm
65
Q

What happens in the second stage of the haber process

A

The ammonia gas is then condensed into a liquid and the excess hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled (this all happens in an industrial cooler)

66
Q

What is the equation of ammonia solution with an acid

A

Ammonia solution + acid —> ammonia salt + water

67
Q

What is ammonia solution then converted into

A

Nitric acid

68
Q

What is the process by which ammonia is converted into nitric acid

A

The Ostwald process

69
Q

REVISE OSTWALD PROCESS

A

NOW

70
Q

What is the equation to find the percentage of an element in a compound

A

% mass = (mass of element/ gfm of compound) x100

71
Q

What colour precipitate forms from calcium ions

A

White

72
Q

What colour precipitate forms from copper ions

A

Blue

73
Q

What colour precipitate forms from iron (III) ions

A

Rust

74
Q

What colour precipitate forms from iron (II) ions

A

Dark green

75
Q

If an experiment uses an acid and then silver nitrate, what ions are they testing for?

A

Halide

76
Q

What is a precipitate

A

The product of two solutions, forming an insoluble salt

77
Q

Will solutions from a precipitate if they are soluble

A

No

78
Q

Using the hardie identification technique, what colour are precipitates of ions of:

A= chloride 
B= bromide
C= iodide
A 
A= white
B= cream
C= yellow
79
Q

What determines the colour of a flame

A

Which ions are present in the burning sample

80
Q

Hey dude

A

Great job

81
Q

What metals react with water, oxygen and acids

A

The very reactive ones (top of the series - sodium)

82
Q

What metals react with only oxygen and acid

A

From sodium-lead

83
Q

What metals react with only oxygen

A

The least reactive metals

84
Q

What Is electrolysis

A

The décomposition of a metal compound into its separate elements by passing electricity through it.

85
Q

What current does electrolysis require and why

A

DC as a,terra ting current produce explosive form of hydrogen and oxygen

86
Q

What is an electrolyte

A

An electrically conduction solution containing ions

87
Q

What is the name of the connecter that completes the circuit in a cell

A

Ion bridge

88
Q

What does the voltage of a cell depend on

A

How far art the two metal electrodes are in the electrochemical series. The further apart, the higher the voltage.

89
Q

What happens to the mass of the electrodes during this reaction and why

A

The mass decreases as the atoms of the metal in the electrode lose electrons and turn into ions, flowing into the solution instead.

90
Q

What is a reducing agent in a redox reaction

A

The element that is being oxidised and vice versa

91
Q

What is the name of the rule to figure out the reactions in a cell

A

The Z rule

92
Q

What do you do to the upper line in the Z rule

A

Invert it

93
Q

What catalyst is used in the haber process

A

Iron

94
Q

What catalyst is used int he Ostwald process

A

Platinum

Chemistry (8 decks)

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