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National 5 Course Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chemical reaction

A

When two or more REACTANTS react with one another to produce one or more PRODUCTS

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2
Q

Why does a chemical reaction occur

A

As the particles of the two reactants collide with each other with enough energy to combine

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3
Q

What is the rate of a reaction

A

The time taken for the reactants to turn into products

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4
Q

What is the formula for rate of reaction

A

Rate = change in quantity/change in time

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5
Q

What are the four variables that control the rate of a reaction

A

+ temperature
+ concentration
+ presence of a catalyst
+ particle size

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6
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of a reaction?

A

Increasing the temperature of a reaction provides the particles with increased energy, in the form of heat, which they use as kinetic propellers. This results in the particles colliding more frequently and with an increased amount of energy.

Increase in temperature = increase in rate of reaction

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7
Q

How does concentration affect the rate of a reaction?

A

By increasing the concentration of a reaction, more particles exist in the same fixed volume - resulting in them colliding more frequently

Increase in concentration = increase in rate of reaction

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8
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction whilst remaining unchanged in the process.

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9
Q

How does particle size affect the rate of a reaction?

A

By decreasing the particles size, more particles are able to exist within the volume - resulting in them colliding more often.

Decrease in particle size = increase in rate of reaction

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10
Q

What are the two types of catalyst

A

+ HOMOgenous

+ HETEROgenous

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11
Q

What is a homogenous catalyst

A

A catalyst which is in the same state of matter as the reactants

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12
Q

What is a heterogenous catalyst

A

A catalyst which is in a different state of matter as the reactants

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13
Q

What occurs to the reactants and product concentration as the reaction occurs

A

Reactant concentration decreases

Product concentration increases

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14
Q

What are the three states of matter

A

+ solid
+ liquid
+ gas

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15
Q

What is the structure of a solid

A

Tightly bound particles in a regular arrangement with a fixed volume and shape

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16
Q

What is the structure of a liquid

A

Loosely bound particles with a fixed volume but no fixed shape.

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17
Q

What is the structure of a gas

A

Free moving particles without a fixed mass or volume

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18
Q

What is a mixture

A

Two or more elements mixed, but not joined, together.

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19
Q

What is a compound

A

Two or more elements chemically joined together

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20
Q

What is an element

A

A substance which contains only 1 type of atom

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21
Q

What is the measure of a substance’s ability to dissolve in a solvent

A

Solubility

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22
Q

What is the measure of a substance’s ability to mix with another substance

A

Miscibility

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23
Q

What is a saturated solution (this topic only)

A

One in which no more solute can dissolve

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24
Q

What is a group in the periodic table

A

A vertical column

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25
Q

What is a period in the periodic table

A

A horizontal row

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26
Q

What is the top-left number of an element in nuclide notation form

A

It’s mass number

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27
Q

What is the bottom-left number of an element in nuclide notation form

A

It’s atomic number

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28
Q

What is an element’s:

A: mass number
B: atomic number

A

A: It’s combined number of protons + neutrons

B: it’s number of protons

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29
Q

What is the name of the different levels of electron arrangement in an atom

A

Energy levels/ Valencia’s

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30
Q

What is a stable electron arrangement and what group in the periodic table naturally occur with this arrangement

A

A stable electron arrangement is when an atom has 8 electrons in its outer valency.

Group 8 (noble gases) have this arrangement

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31
Q

How do atoms attempt to achieve this stable arrangement

A

They either lose or gain electrons

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32
Q

What do atoms form when they lose/gain electrons and what is the name of this process

A

They form ions

Known as ionisation

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33
Q

What are isotopes

A

Elements which contain the same number of protons, however a different number of neutrons - meaning they have different mass numbers

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34
Q

What does -IDE mean on the end of a compound

A

There are two elements in the compound

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35
Q

What does -ATE mean on the end of a compound

A

There are three elements within the compound, one of which is oxygen

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36
Q

What are the two main types of bonding that atoms undergo

A
  • covalent

- ionic

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37
Q

What is covalent bonding

A

When two non-metals share a pair of outer electrons ( the electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus and are therefore not repelled by the electrons)

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38
Q

What are diatomic elements

A

Elements which naturally exist as two atoms, covalently bonded.

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39
Q

What are the seven diatomic elements

A
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
  • nitrogen
  • bromine
  • iodine
  • chlorine
  • ## fluorine
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40
Q

What are the two types of covalent structures

A

+ covalent networks

+ covalent molecular

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41
Q

What is a covalent network

A

A 3 dimensional lattice of multiple covalently bonded atoms

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42
Q

What is a covalent molecule

A

Two or three atoms covalently bonded

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43
Q

Do… have high or low melting points and conduct electricity in any state?

A: covalent networks
B: covalent molecules

A

A: very high melting and boiling points
Doesn’t conduct electricity in any state

B: low melting and boiling points
Doesn’t conduct electricity in any state

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44
Q

What are ionic bonds

A

When a metal and a non-metal exchange at least 1 electron in an attempt to both gain a stable arrangement

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45
Q

Upon ionic bonding, what do the atoms become

A

Charged ions

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46
Q

What holds ionic bonds together

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between the positive and negative ions

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47
Q

What is the name of the structure of an ionic compound

A

An ionic lattice

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48
Q

Do ionic compounds have high or low melting points and do they conduct electricity?

A

They have high melting and boiling points

They conduct electricity when molten or in solution as the ions are free to move

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49
Q

What does the chemical formula of a compound show

A

The type of elements in the compound as well as the number of atoms of each element

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50
Q 
What does the prefix... mean?
A: mono
B: di
C: tri
D: tetra
E: penta
F: hexa
A 
A: 1
B: 2 
C: 3
D: 4
E: 5 
F: 6
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51
Q

When a metal loses electrons does it become a positive or negative ion

A

Positive

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52
Q

When a metal gains electrons does it become a positive or negative ion

A

Negative

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53
Q

How many atoms of oxygen are there nitrogen trioxide

A

3

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54
Q

How do you find the chemical formula of a compound

A

1: take the Valencies of both elements
2: swap them so that each element has the opposite valency
3: drop the new valencies to the bottom right corner of each element symbol

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55
Q

What must you include in ionic equations

A

The charge of the element

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56
Q

What must you include in state equations

A

The state of matter of all the involved elements

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57
Q

What is balanced equation

A

One that has an equal number if atoms of each element on both sides of the equation

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58
Q

Where do you place the numbers in an equation to balance it

A

In front of the element or compound

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59
Q

What is the equation used to find the Relative atomic mass of an element with multiple isotopes

A

(% x mass of isotope A) + (% x mass of isotope B)…/ 100

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60
Q

How do you find the relative formula mass of a singular compound

A

Add the combined masses of each element in the compound (remembering to take into account the number of each atom)

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61
Q

If given mass and gfm what is the equation to find the number of moles of a substance

A

N = m/gfm

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62
Q

If given concentration and volume what is the equation to find the number of moles in a substance

A

N = C x V

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63
Q

What is the pH of a substance

A

It’s concentration of hydrogen ions

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64
Q

What are the two types of substance - based on their pH

A

+ Acids

+ Alkalis

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65
Q

What pH do acids have

A

Less than 7 on the pH scale

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66
Q

What pH do alkali have

A

More than 7 on the pH scale

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67
Q

How does an alkali form

A

When a metal oxide dissolves in water (soluble base)

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68
Q

How does an acid form

A

When a non-metal oxide dissolves in water

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69
Q

How can you determine if a substance is an acid or alkali based on its concentration of hydrogen ions

A

Acids have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions

Alkalis have a higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions

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70
Q

What is the name of the reaction between an acid and an alkali, in which the pH rises/falls to 7

A

Neutralisation

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71
Q

What is the name of the reaction when water is added to an acid or alkali, resulting in the pH falling/rising to 7

A

Dilution

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72
Q

What is formed from an acid and a METAL reacting

A

A salt + hydrogen

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73
Q

What is formed from an acid and a metal CARBONATE reacting

A

A salt + water + carbon dioxide

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74
Q

What is formed from acid reacting with a metal OXIDE

A

A salt + water

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75
Q

What is formed from acid reacting with a metal HYDROXIDE

A

Salt + water

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76
Q

How do you name the salt that is formed

A

1: take the name of the metal
2: identify the type of acid and it’s salt ending
3: combine them

E.g. copper + sulphuric acid —> copper sulphate

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77
Q

What is a spectator ion

A

One which is unchanged (does not change state) on both sides of the reaction.

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78
Q

What is a titration

A

An experiment in which the exact volume of reactants is measured to find the volume, number of moles, mass, gfm or concentration.

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79
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A group of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties that share the same general formula

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80
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing the elements hydrogen and carbon

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81
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane

A

CnH2n+2

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82
Q

How do you name an alkane

A

1: find the length if the longest row of carbon backbone atoms within the molecule and use its prefix
2: indicate the position of the branch using numbers, based on which carbon backbone atom the branch is on
3: indicate the quality of the branch depending on how long it is
H H H H
E.g. I I I I
H-C-C-C-C-H 2 - methylbutane
I I I I
H ch3 H H

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83
Q

What are the prefixes used to indicate the number of branches

A

Di, tri, tetra…

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84
Q

What are the prefixes used to indicate how many carbon atoms are on the branch

A

Methyl (one Carbon), ethyl (two carbons)

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85
Q

What are the prefixes used to indicate the longest chain of carbon atoms

A

Meth- (1), eth- (2), pro- (3), but- (4), pent- (5), hex- (6), hept- (7), oct- (8)

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86
Q

What happens to the solubility and miscibility of hydrocarbons as the number of carbon atoms increases

A

The solubility and miscibility decrease (up to around butane they hydrocarbons are soluble and miscible, the larger ones are not)

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87
Q

What do all alkanes end with

A

-ane

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88
Q

What is the general formula of the alkene series

A

CnH2n

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89
Q

What do all alkenes end with

A

-ene

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90
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated

A

Unsaturated

91
Q

What does it mean if a molecule is unsaturated

A

It contains a carbon=carbon double bond

92
Q

How do you name an alkene

A

1: first 3 steps are the same as naming alkanes
2: indicate the position of the double bond by placing the number in between two hyphens
H H H H
E.g. I I I I
H-C-C-C=C-H Bute-1-ene
I I
H H

93
Q

What is the general formula of a cycloalkane

A

CnH2n

94
Q

What do all cycloalkanes begin with

A

Cyclo-

95
Q

Are cyclo alkanes saturated or unsaturated

A

Saturated

96
Q

What is the structure of a cyclolalkane

A

Ring like structure

97
Q

How do you name a cycloalkane

A

Simply add cycloalkane onto the prefix of the number of carbon atoms. There are no bonds to label.

98
Q

What are isomers

A

Compounds (usually hydrocarbons) with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

99
Q

What is a combustion reaction

A

When a substance, often a hydrocarbon, reacts (burns) with a plentiful supply of air

100
Q

What are the products of complete combustion

A

Water and carbon dioxide

101
Q

What may occur if a hydrocarbon is burned in a finite supply of air

A

An explosion may occur due to the fact that the hydrocarbon will eventually utilise the total mass of oxygen. This can also result in the production of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide

102
Q

What is an addition reaction

A

When an unsaturated alkene has a saturated molecule added to it, across the double bond, resulting in the formation of an unsaturated alkane

103
Q

What is the name given to the addition of a water molecule

A

Hydration

104
Q

What is the name given to the addition of a (diatomic) hydrogen molecule

A

Hydrogenation

105
Q

What is a test that could be used to determine wether a hydrocarbon is unsaturated or saturated

A

When passed through a bromine water solution, unsaturated molecules decolourise the solution quickly. Therefore, saturated and unsaturated molecules can be separated by their ability to decolourise the solution.

106
Q

Is a saturated or an unsaturated molecule more reactive than the other

A

Unsaturated, due to the fact that an increased amount of energy is required to break the strong carbon=carbon double bonds.

107
Q

What is the herbal formula of the alkanol homologous series

A

CnH2n+1 OH

108
Q

What is the name of the functional group within an alkanol

A

The hydroxyl group

OH (hydrogen and oxygen)

109
Q

What reaction must occur for alkanol to form

A

Hydration as the water: molecules provide the hydrocarbon with oxygen molecules to form a hydroxyl group

110
Q

How do you name an alkanol

A

1: same process as the naming of alkanes
2: indicate the position of the hydroxyl group by placing the number of the carbon molecule it is situated on between two hyphens
H H H
I I I
E.g. H-C-C-C-OH Propan-1-ol
I I I
H H H

111
Q

What is the general formula of the carboxylic acids

A

CnH2n+1 COOH

112
Q

What is the name of the functional group within the carboxylic acids

A

Carboxyl group

 O
  II
  C-OH
113
Q

How do name a carboxylic acid

A

Count the number of carbon molecule and its specific prefix. Then add -anoic acid

               H   H O
                I     I   II
E.g.   H-C-C-C              Propanoic acid
                I     I    I
               H   H  H
114
Q

What happens to the melting and boiling point of a hydrocarbon as the number of carbon molecule increases

A

The melting and boiling point increase

115
Q

What is the general name of the toxic products of incomplete production

A

Particulates

116
Q

What is the particulate produced from the incomplete combustion of carbon

A

Carbon monoxide

117
Q

What is the particulate produced from the incomplete combustion of sulphur

A

Sulphur dioxide

118
Q

What is the particulate produced from the incomplete combustion of nitrogen

A

Nitrogen dioxide

119
Q

What is the difference between a combustion equation and regular equation

A

You are allowed to use half molecules when balancing a combustion equation

120
Q

What is the equation to find the energy produced from a reaction, involving the specific heat capacity of the reactants

A

Eh=cm ΔT

Eh= energy produced
C= specific heat capacity of reactant
M= mass       ALWAYS IN KG
ΔT= change in temperature
121
Q

What is the activation energy of a reaction

A

The energy required to turn the reactants into products

122
Q

What is a metal composed of

A

Positive ions and delocalised electrons

123
Q

What are metals held together by

A

The electrostatic force of attraction between the electrons and ions

124
Q

Are metals conductors of electricity

A

yes as their delocalised electrons allows the current to be carried throughout

125
Q

What is the structure of a metal

A

A metallic lattice

126
Q

What is the name of the measure of how readily an atom loses its outer electrons

A

It’s reactivity

127
Q

What is the name of the table in which the elements are arranged in order of reactivity

A

The electrochemical series (back of data booklet)

128
Q

Are the most reactive metals at the top or bottom of the electrochemical series

A

Top

129
Q

What are the two ways in which metals exist in the earths crust

A

+ combined

+ uncombined

130
Q

What is a combined metal

A

An ore. Which is a naturally occurring compound containing more than one element - one of which is the metal.

131
Q

What is an uncombined metal

A

A metal which is found naturally as a singular element in the earths crust and requires no extraction

132
Q

What are the three methods of extracting a metal from its compound

A
  • electrolysis
  • heating with carbon
  • heating
133
Q

How are the most reactive metals extracted form their ore

A

Electrolysis

134
Q

How are the relatively reactive metals extracted from their ore

A

Heating with carbon

135
Q

How are the least reactive metals extracted from their ore

A

Heating

136
Q

Which metals are found naturally uncombined in the earths crust

A

The least reactive ones (gold,silver…)

137
Q

What are the two outcomes of a metal reaction:

A

1: metal atoms lose electrons to form metal ions
2: metal ions gain electrons to form metal atoms

138
Q

What is the name of a reaction in which a metal atom loses electrons to become an ion

A

Oxidation

139
Q

What is the name of a reaction in which a metal ion gains electrons to form an atom

A

Reduction

140
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

One in which both an oxidation and reduction reaction occur

141
Q

In a redox reaction, what does the number of molecules of a reducing agent equate to

A

The charge of the reduced element

             2+                                         3+ E.g. 3Cu       + 2Al —> 3Cu + 2Al
142
Q

What is electrolysis

A

The decomposition of a metal compound into its separate elements by passing electricity through it

143
Q

What type of current does electrolysis require and why

A

DC

As AC currents have no constant direction and would therefore constantly switch the positions of the anode and cathode

144
Q

In an electrolysis cell is the anode positive or negative

A

Positive

145
Q

In an electrolysis cell is the cathode positive or negative

A

Negative

146
Q

What is an electrolyte

A

An electrically conducting solution that contains ions

147
Q

How can you form an electrochemical cell

A

By placing two metal electrodes in solutions of their own ions, connected by an ion bridge

148
Q

What occurs when an electrochemical cell is made

A

The metal atoms in the electrodes lose electrons as they flow between the electrodes, forming ions which join the surrounding solution. The electrodes therefore lose mass.

149
Q

What is the function of the ion bridge

A

It complete the circuit by allowing ions to flow between the two solutions

150
Q

In an electrochemical cell, what direction do the electrons flow and in what part of the cell

A

Lecterns flow from most—> least reactive metal, through the wiring that connects the two electrodes.

151
Q

What affects the obtained voltage from an electrochemical cell

A

The distance between the two metals, that form the electrodes, in the electrochemical series.

152
Q

What metals create the highest voltage

A

The further apart the metals in the electrochemical series, the higher the voltage obtained from the cell

153
Q

In a redox reaction, what is the reducing agent

A

The metal that is being oxidised (and vice versa)

154
Q

How can you use your data booklet to write redox reactions

A

Use the Z rule

155
Q

How do you use the Z rule

A

1: identify the two metals in the electrochemical series as the back of the data booklet
2: draw a Z to join them
3: inverse the top line to form your overall equation

156
Q

What is a plastic

A

A synthetic material which can changeant remain in a new shape when force is applied to it

157
Q

What are the main properties of plastics

A

+ lightweight
+ waterproof
+ electrical insulators

158
Q

Where do the majority of the elements in plastics originate

A

Crude oil

159
Q

What is the name of the family of substances that plastics belong to

A

The polymers

160
Q

What are polymers

A

Chain-like molecules that consist of smaller molecules known as monomers

161
Q

What is the process by which monomers are joined to form polymers known as

A

Polymerisation

162
Q

What is a resin

A

A group of polymer chains

163
Q

What is a fibre

A

An individual strand of a larger polymer chain

164
Q

What is the main type of polymerisation known as

A

Addition

165
Q

What occurs during addition polymerisation

A

An unsaturated alkene monomer is added to another molecule, opening their double bond, to form an alkane/saturated molecule

166
Q

What is a condensation polymer

A

One which is formed from a condensation reaction

167
Q

How can you tell condensation polymerisation apart from addition polymerisation

A

Condensation monomers usually contain at least one functional group (hydroxyl, carboxyl…)

168
Q

How do you name a polymer

A

Place poly- in front of the name of the original monomer of which the polymer is constructed

E.g. poly(ethene) or poly(butene)

169
Q

What is the difference between the repeating unit of a polymer and a monomer

A

The repeating unit does not contain a double bond between its carbon atoms and has open bonds on either end
H OH H OH
I I I I
E.g. REPEATING UNIT: -C-C- MONOMER: C=C
I I I I
H H H H

170
Q

What is the name of a polymer which contains more than one monomer

A

A co-polymer

171
Q

What are produced from the burning of plastics

A

Toxic gases

172
Q

What is a thermo-setting plastic

A

One which does not melt upon heating and cannot be re-shaped from its original structure

173
Q

What is a thermo-softening plastic/thermoplastic

A

One which melts upon heating and can be re-shaped afterwards

174
Q

What is radiation

A

The breakup of unstable atoms.

175
Q

What is the stability of an atom measured by

A

The proton:neutron ratio

176
Q

What are the three main types of radiation

A
  • alpha α
  • beta β
  • gamma γ
177
Q

What is alpha radiation

A

A helium nucleus that consists of two protons and two neutrons

178
Q

What is beta radiation

A

A fast moving electron

179
Q

What is gamma radiation

A

High frequency Electromagnetic waves

180
Q

What is the charge on… radiation:

A: alpha
B: beta
C: gamma

A

A: 2+
B: 1-
C: 0

181
Q

What is the mass of… radiation:

A: alpha
B: beta
C: gamma

A

A: 4
B: 0
C: 0

182
Q

What is alpha radiation absorbed by

A

A sheet of paper

183
Q

What is beta radiation absorbed by

A

0.5 cm of lead

184
Q

What is gamma radiation absorbed by

A

Thick concrete

185
Q

What is the range of… radiation in air

A: alpha
B: beta
C: gamma

A

A: 5 centimetres
B: 1 metre
C: almost infinite

186
Q

What form of radiation is the most ionising

A

Alpha

187
Q

What is one method of detecting radiation

A

By using a Geiger-muller tube

188
Q

What must be equal on both sides of a nuclear equation

A

The mass number and the atomic number

189
Q

REVISE NUCLEAR EQUATIONS

A

NOW

190
Q

What is the half life of a radioactive substance

A

The time taken for the activity (number of decayed nuclei per second) of the substance to half in value

191
Q

What is half life affected by

A

Nothing

192
Q

How do you determine the Half life of a substance from a graph

A

1: find an easily halved point in the y-axis and record it’s x-axis value.
2: halve the y-axis value and record its x-axis value.
3: the difference in x-axis values is the half life

193
Q

What are some uses of radioisotopes in medicine

A

+ killing of cancerous cells

+ treatment of glandular swelling

194
Q

What is radioactive dating

A

The process by which the level of carbon-14, that is present in all living organisms, is measure through its beta emission. The level of emission can be use to calculate how old the organism is or how long it has been dead.

195
Q

What are fertilisers

A

Substances which are added to soil to increase its fertility by providing it with nutrient sand essential elements

196
Q

What are the three elements that are required to increase plant growth

A

+ nitrogen
+ potassium
+ phosphorus

197
Q

What is the role of …. in plants:

A: nitrogen
B: potassium
C: phosphorus

A

A: INCREASES PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY INCREASING AMINO ACID PRODUCTION
B: has a role in root formation
C: has a role in photosynthesis and respiration

198
Q

What is the process of leaching

A

When a fertiliser runs into a nearby water source, increasing the nutrient levels within the marine ecosystem. This results in increased algal bloom as they grow due to the nutrient levels, blocking sunlight from reaching the marine plants. This means the plants cannot photosynthesise and no oxygen is produced - resulting in the death of fish and all other mammals in the water source

199
Q

What is the purpose of a farmer planting legumes in their fields

A

They provide the soil with natural nutrients for following crops

200
Q

What is the main producer of fertilisers

A

Ammonia

201
Q

What is ammonia

A

A clear, pungent, colourless has that produces nitrogen salts that can be used as fertiliser

202
Q

What is the name of the chemical process by which ammonia is manufactured

A

The Haber process

203
Q

What are the reactants in the haber process

A

Nitrogen and hydrogen

204
Q

What is the catalyst in the haber process

A

Iron

205
Q

How is the haber process made more economical

A

Unused reactants are recycled and send in later reactions

206
Q

What is ammonia turned into to produce fertilisers

A

Nitric acid

207
Q

What is the process by which nitric acid is formed

A

The Ostwald process

208
Q

What are the reactants in the Ostwald process

A

Ammonia and oxygen

209
Q

What is the catalyst in the Ostwald process

A

Platinum

210
Q

What is added to the Ostwald process at the bottom

A

Water

211
Q

What is the percentage composition of an element

A

The percentage of a compound that is made up by that certain element

212
Q

What is the equation for percentage composition

A

%= (mass of element/gfm of compound) x 100

213
Q

What is the desired product of a blast furnace, that comes out at the very bottom of the furnace

A

(Molten) iron

214
Q

What is the waste product that is produced in a blast furnace

A

Slag

215
Q

Why must the bottom of the blast furnace maintain a heat of 1538 degrees Celsius

A

As that is the melting point of iron and if the iron does not melt it cannot flow out of the furnace and be collected

216
Q

What is the equation to find the number of moles if given volume and concentration

A

N = CV

217
Q

What is the equation to find the number of moles if given the mass and gfm

A

N = M/GFM

218
Q

What colour precipitate does calcium form

A

White

219
Q

What colour precipitate does copper form

A

Blue

220
Q

What colour precipitate does iron (II) form

A

Green

221
Q

What colour precipitate does iron (III) form

A

Rust

222
Q

What colour precipitate does zinc form

A

White

223
Q

CONGRATULATIONS

A

YOURE DONE!!!! 💣😤👌🏻😂

Chemistry (8 decks)

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