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Chemistry > Chemistry Test 1- S4 > Flashcards

Chemistry Test 1- S4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil a mixture of…

A

Hydrocarbon molecules

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2
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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3
Q

What is a way to separate crude oil into its separate fuels

A

Fractional distillation or distillation (boiling and condensing gases)

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4
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A

As the crude oil vapour enters the bottom of the tower and separates into its fractions (groups of molecules with similar boiling points). The higher boiling points separate at the bottom of the tower, where it is hottest and so on…. REVISE DIAGRAMM

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5
Q

What is a homologous series

A

Groups of compounds with similar chemical properties that fit a general formula

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6
Q

The first homologous series is the alkanes they are:

A 
# have their carbon atoms arranged in a chain
# Are saturated
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7
Q

What does
A= saturated
B= unsaturated mean

A 
A= the carbon bonds are only single covalent bonds 
B= the carbon bonds are double covalent bonds
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8
Q

How do you name alkanes

A 
Alkanes always end in -ane
However the prefix is the variable:
1 carbon atom= methane
2 carbon atoms= ethane
3 carbon atoms= propane
4 carbon atoms= butane
5 carbon atoms= pentane
6 carbon atoms= hexane
7 carbon atoms= heptane
8 carbon atoms= octane
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9
Q

What is the molecular formula of a compound

A

It tells you the number of atoms of each element present in that molecule

E.g. CH4 means there are 4 hydrogen atoms and one carbon

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10
Q

What is a full structural formula

A 
A drawing of the molecule when flattened out 
      H  H  H H
      |    |    |   |
H-C-C-C-C-H           this is butane
      |    |   |    |
     H   H H  H
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11
Q

What is a shortened structural formula

A

When you take each bond one by one and write it out

CH3CH2CH2CH3

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12
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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13
Q

What is an isomer

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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14
Q

How do isomers differ

A

They have the same number of carbon atoms in a chain but have different branch locations LOOK AT ISOMERS

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15
Q

What are the steps of the systematic naming of alkanes

A
  1. Find the longest chain of carbon atoms
  2. Number the longest carbon chain such that the branches are on the lowest number
  3. Indicate the position of each branch by the number of the carbon atom they are on
  4. Indicate the type of branch depending on the number of atoms in it (methyl, ethyl or propyl)
  5. Indicate the number of each type of branch
    5.
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16
Q

Using these techniques name this

    C
    | -C-C-C-C-
A

2- methylbutane

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17
Q

The next homologous are the alkenes they:

A 
# their carbon atoms are arranged in chains
# they are unsaturated
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18
Q

How do you name alkenes

A

The same process as alkenes apart from the fact that they end in - ene

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19
Q

What is the General formula of the alkenes

A

CnH2n

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20
Q

How do you systematically name alkenes

A
  1. Find the longest chain of carbon atoms involving the c=c double bond and name it based off this
  2. Number the carbon atoms so that the double bond is on the lowest possible number
  3. Indicate the position of the double bond and add the position number to the formula
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21
Q

Using these techniques what is the name of this molecule:

| | |
-C-C=C-C-
| | | |

A

But-2-ene

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22
Q

The final homologous series are the cycloalkanes and they:

A 
# their carbon atoms are arranged in rings
# the molecules are saturated
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23
Q

How do you name cycloaklanes

A

Same process as alkanes apart from the fact that you put cyclo in front of the name

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24
Q

What is the general formula of the cycloalkanes

A

CnH2n

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25
Q

What is a combustion reaction

A

When a substance reacts (burns) with oxygen

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26
Q

What are the products of a hydrocarbon combustion reaction

A

Water

Carbon dioxide

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27
Q

Are unsaturated or saturated hydrocarbons more reactive

A

Unsaturated

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28
Q

What happens to bromine solution when it reacts with an saturated substance i.e. hex-1-ene

A

It decolourises the solution quickly

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29
Q

What happens to the bromine solution when reacted with an unsaturated substance i.e. hexane

A

It doesn’t decolourise the solution quickly

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30
Q

What is cracking and why is it important

A

Cracking is the breaking up of the less useful long chain molecules into the useful short chain molecules. It is important as it balances out the market demands for both molecules

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31
Q

What does cracking require

A

A high temperature or a catalyst ( which allows it to occur at a lower temperature, which is cheaper)

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32
Q

What are some of the products of cracking

A

Unsaturated, meaning they are more reactive

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33
Q

Suggest one way that you could crack C10H22

A

C8H18 + C2H4

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34
Q

What mixture is formed as a result of cracking

A

A mixture of alkanes and alkenes

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35
Q

What kind of molecule can undergo addition

A

Unsaturated

36
Q

What happens during an addition reaction

A

The molecule being added seeks out the double bond in the unsaturated molecule and adds across it. E.g.
H H H H
| | | |
H-C=C-H + Br-Br ——> H-C-C-H
| |
H H

37
Q

This means that the products substance is

A

Saturated

38
Q

What is the addition of hydrogen called

A

Hydrogenation

39
Q

What happens during hydrogenation

A

The same as addition except that instead of bromine or another substance being added it is hydrogen

40
Q

What forms when an alkene undergoes hydrogenation

A

An alkane

41
Q

What is the addition of water called

A

Hydration

42
Q

What happens during hydration

A

The same as addition and hydrogenation except instead of hydrogen or other substances it is a water molecule being added

43
Q

What is formed when an alkene undergoes hydration

A

An alkanol

44
Q

What is required for hydration to occur

A

High temperature
High pressure
Catalyst

45
Q

What is chemical energy

A

The energy stored within the bonds between atoms in a molecule

46
Q

What is a fuel

A

A substance that burns to produce energy

47
Q

REVISE CARBON CYCLE

A

Now

48
Q

What pollutants are emitted from transport

A 
Particulates such as soot
Carbon monoxide
Oxides or nitrogen 
Sulphur dioxide 
Hydrocarbons
49
Q

How is carbon monoxide and particulates formed

A

When carbon based fuels burn inefficiently in a limited supply of oxygen

50
Q

How is sulphur dioxide formed

A

When sulphur is burned this is the product gas

51
Q

How are nitrogen oxides formed

A

When nitrogen and oxygen react together

52
Q

Give an example of a greenhouse gas

A

Nitrous oxide

53
Q

What are the products of natural gas and oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide

Water

54
Q

What are most natural gases

A

Hydrocarbons

55
Q

Why are alcohols good fuels

A

Release lots of energy
Burn easily with a clean flame
Renewable

56
Q

How do your write combustion equations

A

The same as usual apart from the fact that you can use half molecules

57
Q

What are all combustion reactions

A

Exothermic

58
Q

What is the equation to figure out energy released from a fuel

A

Eh= cmdeltaT

59
Q

What is the energy released measured in

A

Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius

60
Q

Revise potential energy diagrams

A

Now

61
Q

During an endothermic reaction the reactants have … potential energy than the products

A

Less

62
Q

During an exothermic reaction the reactants have … potential energy than the products

A

More

63
Q

What do you need to burn something

A

Fuel
Heat
Air

64
Q

What is the activation energy of a reaction

A

The energy that must be provided so that reactant molecules can turn into products molecules

65
Q

If a reaction has a low activation energy it will be …

A

Fast

66
Q

What is an alcohol

A

A group of organic compounds with a hydroxyl (OH) group

67
Q

What is an alkanol

A

A homologous series within the alcohols which derive from replacing a hydrogen atoms with a hydroxyl one

68
Q

What is the general formula of the alkanol

A

CnH2n+1OH

69
Q

How do you name alkanol

A

Same as all other apart from that you put a number in the middle to indicate which atom the hydroxyl group is attached too. (Number from lowest to highest)

70
Q

What is the name of this alkanol

|      |       | -C3-C2-C1-
|      |       |
A

Propan-1-ol

71
Q

What is the trend of boiling points in the alkanol

A

As the alkanol size increases so too does the boiling point

72
Q

Large alkanol are … with water

Small alkanol are … with water

A

Immiscible

Miscible

73
Q

What is the formula to find out density

A

Density = mass/volume

74
Q

What is the relationship between formula mass and density of alkanol

A

As dormira mass increases so too does average density.

75
Q

What is fermentation

A

Using yeast to turn glucose into ethanol

76
Q

What is gas is released from fermentation

A

Carbon dioxide

77
Q

When addition occurs in alcohols what happens

A

The alkene is added with a H-OH molecule

78
Q

What is dehydration

A

The reverse process of hydration in which an alcohol is decided into its deprecate alkene and H-OH molecule

79
Q

What are the alkanoic acids

A

A homologous series which contains one or more carboxyl group

80
Q

What is the carboxyl group

A

COOH

81
Q

How do you form a formula equation for the alkanoic acids

A

Write out the normal equation but add the carboxyl group on the end

82
Q

What is the general formula of the alkanoic acids

A

CnH2n+1COOH

83
Q

What is the name of this alkanoic acid

| | | ||
C-C-C-C-C-OH
| | | | |

A

Pentanoic acid as it has five carbon atoms in a row as well as the hydroxyl group on the end

84
Q

What are the properties of the alkanoic acids

A

Boiling points increase with size
Large molecules immiscible small molecules miscible
Low pH

85
Q

What is the word equation of alkanoic acids reacting with metal

A

Alkanoic acid + metal = salt + hydrogen

86
Q

How do you name the salt produced

A

Take the metal’s name and then add the type of acid on the end

E.g. ethanoic acid + sodium = sodium ethanoate

Chemistry (8 decks)

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