Unit 3

Question 1

Why do new ideas often spark change?

Answer 1

People begin to challenge the old way of thinking and see things differently.

Question 2

how do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

Answer 2

new ideas can spread and change the way people act.

Question 3

Isaac Newton

Answer 3

professor of mathematics at Cambridge; laws of motion and

Question 4

Galileo Galilie

Answer 4

discovers mountains on the moon; 4 moons revolving around Jupiter; and sunspots

Question 5

Adam Smith

Answer 5

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Question 6

Montesquieu

Answer 6

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers. Wrote the ‘Spirit of the Laws’

Question 7

John Locke

Answer 7

Published the ‘Two Treatises of Government’ which argued against the absolute rule of one person. He believed that before society was organized, humans lived in a state of equality and freedom. He believed the mind starts as a blank piece of paper and acquires knowledge through experience and observation.

Question 8

Social Contract

Answer 8

“Social Contract” Rousseau explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

Question 9

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 9

British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women’s equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 “Vindication of the Rights of Women.”

Question 10

John Wesley

Answer 10

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)

Question 11

Maria Theresa

Answer 11

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy’s political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Question 12

Enlightened Absolutism

Answer 12

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Question 13

Seven Years War

Answer 13

worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land. Began between Austria and Prussia (War of Austrian Succession)

Question 14

Pope Urban VIII

Answer 14

pope

Question 15

What effects did challenging views of the universe have on society?

Answer 15

First society was wrapped up in religion and were too afraid because of the consequences many people got for speaking up. They wee afraid of Persecution, ostracized from society, excommunication, put on trial, or jailed for life. The changes that led to the modern science were the way of thinking was changed based on observation and willingness to question acceptable beliefs. Scholars used observation, experimentation and scientific reasoning to draw conclusions about the physical world

Question 16

How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo improve our understanding of the universe?

Answer 16

Copernicus said Earth mover around the Sun
Kepler said planets move in ellipses
Newton said that the force of gravity holds the entire solar system together by keeping the sun and the planets in their orbits.

Question 17

What were the causes and influences of the American Revolution?

Answer 17

No one event was the actual cause of the revolution. It was, instead, a series of events that led to the war. Essentially, it all began as a disagreement over the way Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. The colonies were taxed to pay for a war and had no representation in parliament.

Americans felt they deserved all the rights of Englishmen. The British, on the other hand, felt that the colonies were created to be used in the way that best suited the crown and parliament. This conflict is embodied in one of the rallying cries of the American Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation.

Question 18

How did the Scientific Revolution change people’s worldview

Answer 18

scientists came to believe that reason is the chief source of knowledge and why the scientific method was created

There were changes in scientific thinking:

Descartes/ rationalism: was based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

Bacon/ scientific method: Bacon developed the scientific method- a series of steps for testing explanation for what has been observed. He promoted the use of inductive reasoning for learning about nature

Question 19

How would you use the scientific method to test an idea

Answer 19

I would first make an observation , then form a hypothesis, then perform experiments, finally draw a conclusion

Question 20

How was the model of the universe shifted?

Answer 20

philosophers can have a major impact on the world because new ideas can spread and change the way people act

Question 21

What similarities and differences does Galileo’s trial have with Luther’s?

Answer 21

The Catholic Church attacked Galileo for challenging their beliefs.
Luther was also attached by the Catholic Church.
But Galileo was attacked due to his scientific beliefs and Luther was attacked for having different religious beliefs

Question 22

What did Enlightenment thinkers hope to achieve by using Newton’s scientific methods?

Answer 22

They hoped to achieve the use of reason as the source of knowledge
hoped to discover natural laws underlying all areas of human life

Question 23

How did Adam Smith describe the proper role of government?

Answer 23

government has only 3 basic roles:
to protect society from invasion
to defend citizens from injustice
and to keep up public works that private individuals alone could not afford

Question 24

Compare and contrast Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations to ideas of Mercantilism

Answer 24

he believed that the state should not interfere with economics

Question 25

How did Enlightenment ideas influence society and culture?

Answer 25

Rousseau introduced the idea of the social contract in which an entire society agrees to be governed by the general will or the entire community - the general will is what the majority of people want to happen.

Art became more secular, less religious

Question 26

How does the Enlightenment reflect a change in society that began with the Renaissance?

Answer 26

renaissance brought back ideas based on classics (Greeks Romans), this sparked ideas of philosophy

Question 27

How were European rulers guided by Enlightenment thought?

Answer 27

philosophers believed in natural rights for all people, , many philosophers believed that enlightened results could establish and preserve their rights - like equality of law, freedom of religion, speech, press, right to assemble, hold property, pursue happiness.

Question 28

How did changing alliances in Europe lead to the 7 Years War? What effect did it have on a global scale?

Answer 28

concern over European balance of power set the stage for the 7 years war.
European rivalries and alliances led to the war/
Austrian succession : after the death of Austrian emperor Charles VI, Prussia invited Austrian Silesia. In the war, France allied with Prussia and Britain allied with Austria.
Became a global war..involved Russia, India.

Question 29

Why did intellectuals believe the formation of the US carried out Enlightenment thought?

Answer 29

The Writers of the constitution relied on Montesquieu ideas - separating the branches of the government

Separation of church and state
Individual rights