Unit 3 Flashcards
Why do new ideas often spark change?
People begin to challenge the old way of thinking and see things differently.
how do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?
new ideas can spread and change the way people act.
Isaac Newton
professor of mathematics at Cambridge; laws of motion and
Galileo Galilie
discovers mountains on the moon; 4 moons revolving around Jupiter; and sunspots
Adam Smith
Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Montesquieu
French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers. Wrote the ‘Spirit of the Laws’
John Locke
Published the ‘Two Treatises of Government’ which argued against the absolute rule of one person. He believed that before society was organized, humans lived in a state of equality and freedom. He believed the mind starts as a blank piece of paper and acquires knowledge through experience and observation.
Social Contract
“Social Contract” Rousseau explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.
Mary Wollstonecraft
British feminist of the eighteenth century who argued for women’s equality with men, even in voting, in her 1792 “Vindication of the Rights of Women.”
John Wesley
English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)
Maria Theresa
This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy’s political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs
Enlightened Absolutism
a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers
Seven Years War
worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of land. Began between Austria and Prussia (War of Austrian Succession)
Pope Urban VIII
pope
What effects did challenging views of the universe have on society?
First society was wrapped up in religion and were too afraid because of the consequences many people got for speaking up. They wee afraid of Persecution, ostracized from society, excommunication, put on trial, or jailed for life. The changes that led to the modern science were the way of thinking was changed based on observation and willingness to question acceptable beliefs. Scholars used observation, experimentation and scientific reasoning to draw conclusions about the physical world
How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo improve our understanding of the universe?
Copernicus said Earth mover around the Sun
Kepler said planets move in ellipses
Newton said that the force of gravity holds the entire solar system together by keeping the sun and the planets in their orbits.
What were the causes and influences of the American Revolution?
No one event was the actual cause of the revolution. It was, instead, a series of events that led to the war. Essentially, it all began as a disagreement over the way Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. The colonies were taxed to pay for a war and had no representation in parliament.
Americans felt they deserved all the rights of Englishmen. The British, on the other hand, felt that the colonies were created to be used in the way that best suited the crown and parliament. This conflict is embodied in one of the rallying cries of the American Revolution: No Taxation Without Representation.
How did the Scientific Revolution change people’s worldview
scientists came to believe that reason is the chief source of knowledge and why the scientific method was created
There were changes in scientific thinking:
Descartes/ rationalism: was based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.
Bacon/ scientific method: Bacon developed the scientific method- a series of steps for testing explanation for what has been observed. He promoted the use of inductive reasoning for learning about nature
How would you use the scientific method to test an idea
I would first make an observation , then form a hypothesis, then perform experiments, finally draw a conclusion
How was the model of the universe shifted?
philosophers can have a major impact on the world because new ideas can spread and change the way people act
What similarities and differences does Galileo’s trial have with Luther’s?
The Catholic Church attacked Galileo for challenging their beliefs.
Luther was also attached by the Catholic Church.
But Galileo was attacked due to his scientific beliefs and Luther was attacked for having different religious beliefs
What did Enlightenment thinkers hope to achieve by using Newton’s scientific methods?
They hoped to achieve the use of reason as the source of knowledge
hoped to discover natural laws underlying all areas of human life
How did Adam Smith describe the proper role of government?
government has only 3 basic roles:
to protect society from invasion
to defend citizens from injustice
and to keep up public works that private individuals alone could not afford
Compare and contrast Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations to ideas of Mercantilism
he believed that the state should not interfere with economics
How did Enlightenment ideas influence society and culture?
Rousseau introduced the idea of the social contract in which an entire society agrees to be governed by the general will or the entire community - the general will is what the majority of people want to happen.
Art became more secular, less religious
How does the Enlightenment reflect a change in society that began with the Renaissance?
renaissance brought back ideas based on classics (Greeks Romans), this sparked ideas of philosophy
How were European rulers guided by Enlightenment thought?
philosophers believed in natural rights for all people, , many philosophers believed that enlightened results could establish and preserve their rights - like equality of law, freedom of religion, speech, press, right to assemble, hold property, pursue happiness.
How did changing alliances in Europe lead to the 7 Years War? What effect did it have on a global scale?
concern over European balance of power set the stage for the 7 years war.
European rivalries and alliances led to the war/
Austrian succession : after the death of Austrian emperor Charles VI, Prussia invited Austrian Silesia. In the war, France allied with Prussia and Britain allied with Austria.
Became a global war..involved Russia, India.
Why did intellectuals believe the formation of the US carried out Enlightenment thought?
The Writers of the constitution relied on Montesquieu ideas - separating the branches of the government
Separation of church and state
Individual rights
