Unit 3

Question 1

Epidermis

Answer 1

Epithelial tissue, protection

Question 2

Dermis

Answer 2

CT, temperature regulation sensory

Question 3

Sub- Q

Answer 3

Insulating fat storage

Question 4

What is the epidermis layer composed of

Answer 4

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

Keratinocytes

Answer 5

Cells that produce keratin, tough fibrous protein and provides protection

Question 6

Melanocytes

Answer 6

Produce melanin- pigment that protects against UV radiation

Question 7

Tactile cells

Answer 7

Touch receptor cells, when compressed they will send signals to nerve endings

Question 8

Dendritic cells

Answer 8

Immune function, if cut they will jump into action

Question 9

Stratum basale

Answer 9

Deepest layer, continuous cell division, produces all other layers

Question 10

Stratum spinosum

Answer 10

Layer of around 8-10 keratinocytes

Question 11

Stratum granulosum

Answer 11

Filled with granules or keratin

Question 12

Stratum lucidum

Answer 12

Only present in thick skin, lots of keratin , not live cells

Question 13

Stratum corneum

Answer 13

20 layers of fat cell-remnants, continuously shed and replaced by cells in deeper strata

Question 14

Dermis

Answer 14

Made up of two regions: papillary and reticular

Question 15

Papillary region

Answer 15

Consists of areolar CT, with capillaries, tactile receptors, free nerve endings

Question 16

Reticular region

Answer 16

Consists of dense irregular CT, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, glands

Question 17

Sensory nerve fibers

Answer 17

Tactile info, detects pressure, vibration, cold

Question 18

Motor nerve fibers

Answer 18

Blood flow, gland secretion

Question 19

Dermal blood vessels

Answer 19

Supply nutrients to the epidermis and dermis, body temp regulation

Question 20

SubQ layer

Answer 20

Attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs

Question 21

Hair

Answer 21

Dead keratinized epidermal cells

Question 22

What are the three parts of a hair

Answer 22

The shaft, the root , and the bulb

Question 23

Nails

Answer 23

Composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the toes and fingers

Question 24

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Answer 24

Connected to hair follicles, secrete an oily substance called sebum

Question 25

Merocrine sweat glands

Answer 25

Secrete a watery solution, helps body cool and eliminate waste

Question 26

Apocrine sweat glands

Answer 26

Located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin and areolae, released during sexual activities

Question 27

Regeneration

Answer 27

Replacement of damaged cells with cells of the same type

Question 28

Fibrosis

Answer 28

Scar tissue, damaged cells are replaced by fibroblasts- collagen fibers

Question 29

What are the four stages of wound healing?

Answer 29

1) cut blood vessels bleed into the wound 2) blood clot forms, and leukocytes clean wound 3) blood vessels regrow and granulation tissue forms 4) epithelium regenerates and CT fibrosis occurs

Question 30

First degree burn

Answer 30

Involves only the epidermis, mild pain redness, no loss of skin function

Question 31

Second degrees burn

Answer 31

Destroys epidermis and part of dermis, some skin function is lost, redness, blisters, pain, edema

Question 32

Third degree burns

Answer 32

Epidermis dermis and subq layer | Most skin function is lost

Question 33

What are the four functions of the skeletal system

Answer 33

1) support and protection 2) assist body movements 3) participate in blood cell production 4) storage of mineral and energy reserves

Question 34

Long bone structure

Answer 34

Diaphysis- shaft of long bone Epiphyses- distal and proximal ends Metaphyses- areas where diaphysis and epiphyses join

Question 35

Compact bone

Answer 35

Strongest form of bone tissue | Resists stresses by weight and movement

Question 36

Spongy bone

Answer 36

Located within compact bone Lighter Support and protect red bone marrow

Question 37

Articular cartilage

Answer 37

The thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones Found where the bone forms a joint surface

Question 38

Fibrocartilage

Answer 38

Makes up the intervertebral discs

Question 39

Periosteum

Answer 39

Is a tough sheath | Dense irregular CT on outside of bone

Question 40

Medullary cavity

Answer 40

Contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

Question 41

Endosteum

Answer 41

Is a membrane lines the medullary cavity

Question 42

Red bone marrow

Answer 42

Hemopoietic, contains reticular CT, immature blood cells, fat

Question 43

Where is red bone marrow located in children

Answer 43

In the spongy bone of most bones, medullary cavity of long bones

Question 44

Where is red bone marrow found in adults

Answer 44

In portions of the axial skeleton | Proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Question 45

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 45

Product of red bone marrow degeneration Fatty substance Fat storage

Question 46

Osetoprogenitor cells

Answer 46

Unspecialized one stem cells

Question 47

Osteoblasts

Answer 47

Bone building cells

Question 48

Osteocytes

Answer 48

Mature bone cell, mature osteoblasts

Question 49

Osteoclasts

Answer 49

Large bone break down cells

Question 50

Interstitial lamellae

Answer 50

Between osteons- leftover fragments of older osteons

Question 51

Lacunae

Answer 51

Small spaces between the lamellae which house the osteocytes

Question 52

Canaliculi

Answer 52

Small channels that connect lacunae

Question 53

Trabeculae

Answer 53

Thin column of lamellae, arranged in a lattice

Question 54

Ossification

Answer 54

``` The process of forming new bone Four steps are: Initial formation Growth Remodelling Repair of fractures ```

Question 55

What are the four stages of bone repair

Answer 55

1) a fracture hematoma forms 2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms-collagen and dense CT 3) bony callus forms-osteoblasts increase, produces trabeculae 4) remodelling occurs- forms compact bone, osteoclasts remove excess bone tissue